The gastrointestinal tract is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Food taken in through the mouth is digested to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled at the anus as feces. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines.
Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole-positive and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It is grouped with the Morganellaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause wound infections and other species of its genera are known to cause urinary tract infections.
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a widespread member of the genus Lactiplantibacillus and commonly found in many fermented food products as well as anaerobic plant matter. L. plantarum was first isolated from saliva, based on its ability to temporarily persist in plants, the insect intestine and in the intestinal tract of vertebrate animals, it was designated as nomadic organism. L. plantarum is Gram positive, bacilli shaped bacterium. L. plantarum cells are rods with rounded ends, straight, generally 0.9–1.2 μm wide and 3–8 μm long, occurring singly, in pairs or in short chains. L. plantarum has one of the largest genomes known among the lactic acid bacteria and is a very flexible and versatile species. It is estimated to grow between pH 3.4 and 8.8. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum can grow in the temperature range 12 °C to 40 °C. The viable counts of the "L. plantarum" stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) remained high, while a considerable reduction in the counts was observed stored at room temperature.
The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope, the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).
Akkermansia is a genus in the phylum Verrucomicrobia (Bacteria). The genus was first proposed in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and others, with the type species Akkermansia muciniphila.
Akkermansia muciniphila is a species of human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium, the type species for a new genus, Akkermansia, proposed in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos. Extensive research is being undertaken to understand its association with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation.
The altered Schaedler flora (ASF) is a community of eight bacterial species: two lactobacilli, one Bacteroides, one spiral bacterium of the Flexistipes genus, and four extremely oxygen sensitive (EOS) fusiform-shaped species. The bacteria are selected for their dominance and persistence in the normal microflora of mice, and for their ability to be isolated and grown in laboratory settings. Germ-free animals, mainly mice, are colonized with ASF for the purpose of studying the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Intestinal mutualistic bacteria play an important role in affecting gene expression of the GI tract, immune responses, nutrient absorption, and pathogen resistance. The standardized microbial cocktail enabled the controlled study of microbe and host interactions, role of microbes, pathogen effects, and intestinal immunity and disease association, such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and other inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Also, compared to germfree animals, ASF mice have fully developed immune system, resistance to opportunistic pathogens, and normal GI function and health, and are a great representation of normal mice.
Acinetobacter apis is a gram-negative, obligate aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the bee Apis mellifera. A. apis showed optimum growth at 25 degrees Celsius, pH 6–7, and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl in trypticase soy broth medium. This bacterium was first characterized in 2014.
Bergeyella porcorum is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Bergeyella which has been isolated from the lungs and tonsils of pigs.
Butyricicoccus is a bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Clostridium herbivorans is a Gram-positive, cellulolytic and motile bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of pigs.
Mucispirillum is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria). It is represented by the single species Mucispirillum schaedleri|. It has been found in the intestinal tract of some rodents and considered a commensal with some association to disease. This species has been found in cockroaches mice, turkeys, dogs, pigs, goats, termites, and sometimes humans. It is anaerobic and does not form spores. It is motile, flagellated and thought to have the ability to move through mucus.
Cetobacterium somerae is a Gram-negative, microaerotolerant, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Cetobacterium which has been isolated from human feces. Cetobacterium somerae occur in intestinal tracts of freshwater fish. Cetobacterium somerae produces cobalamin.
Endozoicomonas atrinae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the mollusk Atrina pectinata from Yeosu in Korea.
Akkermansia glycanphila is a species of intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. It was first isolated from reticulated python feces in 2016.
Sedimentitalea todarodis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and motile bacterium from the genus of Sedimentitalea, which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the squid Todarodes pacificus from the Sea of Japan in Korea.
Shimia haliotis is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and motile bacterium from the genus of Shimia which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of an abalone from the Jeju Island in Korea.
Cloacibacillus evryensis is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, mesophilic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Cloacibacillus which has been isolated from sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant from Evry in France.
Sinomonas mesophila is a Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Sinomonas which has been isolated from the gut of the fish Sillago japonica from Japan.
Aequorivita todarodis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Aequorivita which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of squid.
