Competitive intelligence

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Competitive intelligence (CI) is the process and forward-looking practices used in producing knowledge about the competitive environment to improve organizational performance. [1] Competitive intelligence involves systematically collecting and analysing information from multiple sources and a coordinated competitive intelligence program. [2] It is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization.

Contents

CI means understanding and learning what is happening in the world outside the business to increase one's competitiveness. It means learning as much as possible, as soon as possible, about one's external environment including one's industry in general and relevant competitors. [3]

Key points

  1. Competitive intelligence is a legal business practice, as opposed to industrial espionage, which is illegal. [4]
  2. The focus is on the external business environment. [5]
  3. There is a process involved in gathering information, converting it into intelligence, and then using it in decision-making. Some CI professionals erroneously emphasize that if the intelligence gathered is not usable or actionable, it is not intelligence. [6]

Another definition of competitive intelligence regards it as the organizational function responsible for the early identification of risks and opportunities in the market before they become obvious ("early signal analysis"). This definition focuses attention on the difference between the dissemination of widely available factual information (such as market statistics, financial reports, newspaper clippings) performed by functions such as libraries and information centers, and competitive intelligence which is a perspective on developments and events aimed at yielding a competitive edge. [7]

The term competitive intelligence is often viewed as synonymous with competitor analysis, but competitive intelligence is more than analyzing competitors; it embraces the entire environment and stakeholders: customers, competitors, distributors, technologies, and macroeconomic data. It is also a tool for decision-making.

Historic development

Competitive intelligence literature can be exemplified by the bibliographies that were published in the Strategic Consortium of Intelligence Professionals' academic journal The Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management. [8] [9] [10] [11] Although elements of organizational intelligence collection have been a part of business for many years, the history of competitive intelligence arguably began in the U.S. in the 1970s, although the literature on the field pre-dates this time by at least several decades. [11] In 1980, Michael Porter published the study Competitive-Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors which is widely viewed as the foundation of modern competitive intelligence. This has since been extended most notably by the pair of Craig Fleisher and Babette Bensoussan, who through several popular books on competitive analysis have added 48 commonly applied competitive intelligence analysis techniques to the practitioner's tool box. [12] [13] In 1985, Leonard Fuld published in one of his best selling book dedicated to competitor intelligence. [14] However, the institutionalization of competitive intelligence as a formal activity among American corporations can be traced to 1988, when Ben and Tamar Gilad published the first organizational model of a formal corporate competitive intelligence function, which was then adopted widely by US companies. [15] The first professional certification program (CIP) was created in 1996 with the establishment of The Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In 1986, the Strategic Consortium of Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) was founded in the United States and grew in the late 1990s to around 6,000 members worldwide, mainly in the United States and Canada, but with large numbers especially in the UK and Australia. Due to financial difficulties in 2009, the organization merged with Frost & Sullivan under the Frost & Sullivan Institute. SCIP has since been renamed "Strategic & Competitive Intelligence Professionals" to emphasize the strategic nature of the subject, and also to refocus the organization's general approach, while keeping the existing SCIP brand name and logo. A number of efforts have been made to discuss the field's advances in post-secondary (university) education, covered by several authors including Blenkhorn & Fleisher, [16] Fleisher, [17] Fuld, [18] Prescott, [19] and McGonagle. [20] Although the general view would be that competitive intelligence concepts can be readily found and taught in many business schools around the globe, there are still relatively few dedicated academic programs, majors, or degrees in the field, a concern to academics in the field who would like to see it further researched. [17] These issues were widely discussed by over a dozen knowledgeable individuals in a special edition of the Competitive Intelligence Magazine that was dedicated to this topic. [21] In France, a Specialized Master in Economic Intelligence and Knowledge Management was created in 1995 within the CERAM Business School, now SKEMA Business School, in Paris, with the objective of delivering a full and professional training in Economic Intelligence. A Centre for Global Intelligence and Influence was created in September 2011 in the same School.

Practitioners and companies regard professional accreditation as important in this field. [22] In 2011, SCIP recognized the Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence's CIP certification process as its global, dual-level (CIP-I and CIP-II) certification program.

Global developments have also been uneven in competitive intelligence. [23] Several academic journals, particularly the Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management in its third volume, provided coverage of the field's global development. [24] For example, in 1997 the École de guerre économique  [ fr ] (School of economic warfare) was founded in Paris, France. It is the first European institution which teaches the tactics of economic warfare within a globalizing world. In Germany, competitive intelligence was unattended until the early 1990s. The term "competitive intelligence" first appeared in German literature in 1997. In 1995, a German SCIP chapter was founded, which is now second in terms of membership in Europe. In 2004, the Institute for Competitive Intelligence was founded, which provides a postgraduate certification program for Competitive Intelligence Professionals. Japan is currently the only country that officially maintains an economic intelligence agency (JETRO). It was founded by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1958.

Accepting the importance of competitive intelligence, major multinational corporations, such as ExxonMobil, Procter & Gamble, and Johnson and Johnson, have created formal competitive intelligence units.[ citation needed ] Organizations execute competitive intelligence activities not only as a safeguard to protect against market threats and changes, but also as a method for finding new opportunities and trends. [25]

Organizations use competitive intelligence to compare themselves to other organizations ("competitive benchmarking"), to identify risks and opportunities in their markets, and to pressure-test their plans against market response (business wargaming), [26] which enable them to make informed decisions.

One of the major activities involved in corporate competitive intelligence is use of ratio analysis, using key performance indicators (KPI). Organizations compare annual reports of their competitors on certain KPI and ratios, which are intrinsic to their industry. This helps them track their performance, vis-à-vis their competitors.

The actual importance of these categories of information to an organization depends on the contestability of its markets, the organizational culture, the personality and biases of its top decision makers, and the reporting structure of competitive intelligence within the company.

Strategic intelligence (SI) focuses on the longer term, looking at issues affecting a company's competitiveness over the course of a couple of years. The actual time horizon for strategic intelligence ultimately depends on the industry and how quickly it's changing. The general questions that strategic intelligence answers are, ‘Where should we as a company be in X years?' and 'What are the strategic risks and opportunities facing us?' This type of intelligence work involves among others the identification of weak signals and application of methodology and process called Strategic Early Warning (SEW), first introduced by Gilad, [27] [28] [29] followed by Steven Shaker and Victor Richardson, [30] Alessandro Comai and Joaquin Tena, [31] [32] and others. According to Gilad, 20% of the work of competitive intelligence practitioners should be dedicated to strategic early identification of weak signals within a SEW framework.

Tactical Intelligence: the focus is on providing information designed to improve shorter-term decisions, most often related with the intent of growing market share or revenues. Generally, it is the type of information that a person would need to support the sales process in an organization. It investigates various aspects of a product/product line marketing.

With the right amount of information, organizations can avoid unpleasant surprises by anticipating competitors' moves and decreasing response time. Examples of competitive intelligence research is evident in daily newspapers, such as The Wall Street Journal , Business Week , and Fortune . Major airlines change hundreds of fares daily in response to competitors' tactics. They use information to plan their own marketing, pricing, and production strategies.

Resources, such as the Internet, have made gathering information on competitors easy. Analysts can discover future trends and market requirements. However, competitive intelligence is much more than this, as the ultimate aim is to lead to competitive advantage. As the Internet is mostly public domain material, information gathered is less likely to result in insights that will be unique to the company. There is a risk that information gathered from the Internet will be misinformation and mislead users, so competitive intelligence researchers are often wary of using such information.

As a result, although the Internet is viewed as a key source, most competitive intelligence professionals should spend their time and budget gathering intelligence using primary research—networking with industry experts, from trade shows and conferences, from their own customers and suppliers, and so on. Where the Internet is used, it is to gather sources for primary research as well as information on what the company says about itself and its online presence (in the form of links to other companies, its strategy regarding search engines and online advertising, mentions in discussion forums and on blogs, etc.). Online subscription databases and news aggregation sources, which have simplified the secondary source collection process, are also used.

The technical advances in massively parallel processing offered by the Hadoop "big data" architecture has allowed the creation of multiple platforms for named-entity recognition such as the Apache Projects OpenNLP and Apache Stanbol. The former includes pre-trained statistical parsers that can discern elements key to establishing trends and evaluating competitive positions and responding appropriately. [33] Public information mining from SEC.gov, Federal Contract Awards, social media, vendors, and competitor websites now permits real-time counterintelligence as a strategy for horizontal and vertical market expansion and product positioning. This occurs in an automated fashion on massive marketplaces such as Amazon.com and their classification and prediction of product associations and purchase probability.

A new industry emerged of tech companies with tools that simplify and automate the way companies conduct competitive intelligence. With technology responsible for scraping billions of pieces of data and pulling it into a central platform, this new trend of competitive intelligence tools has effectively reshaped how competitor analysis is performed and intelligence gathered. [34]

Similar fields

Competitive intelligence has been influenced by national strategic intelligence. Although national intelligence was researched 50 years ago, competitive intelligence was introduced during the 1990s. Competitive intelligence professionals can learn from national-intelligence experts, especially in the analysis of complex situations. [35] Competitive intelligence may be confused with (or seen to overlap) environmental scanning, business intelligence, and market research. [36] Craig Fleisher [36] questions the appropriateness of the term, comparing it to business intelligence, competitor intelligence, knowledge management, market intelligence, marketing research, and strategic intelligence. [37]

Fleisher [37] [ verification needed ] suggests that business intelligence has two forms. Its narrow (contemporary) form is more focused on information technology and internal focus than competitive intelligence, while its broader (historical) definition is more inclusive than competitive intelligence. Knowledge management (KM), when improperly achieved, is seen as an information-technology driven organizational practice relying on data mining, corporate intranets and mapping organizational assets to make it accessible to organization members for decision-making. Competitive intelligence shares some aspects of knowledge management; they are human-intelligence- and experience-based for a more-sophisticated qualitative analysis. Knowledge management is essential for effective change. A key effective factor is a powerful, dedicated IT system executing the full intelligence cycle. [38]

Market intelligence (MI) is industry-targeted intelligence developed in real-time aspects of competitive events taking place among the four Ps of the marketing mix (pricing, place, promotion and product) in the product (or service) marketplace to better understand the market's attractiveness. [39] A time-based competitive tactic, market intelligence is used by marketing and sales managers to respond to consumers more quickly in the marketplace. Fleisher suggests it is not distributed as widely as some forms of CI, which are also distributed to non-marketing decision-makers. [37] [ verification needed ] Market intelligence has a shorter time horizon than other intelligence areas, and is measured in days, weeks, or (in slower-moving industries) months.

Market research is a tactical, method-driven field consisting of neutral, primary research of customer data (beliefs and perceptions) gathered in surveys or focus groups, and is analyzed with statistical-research techniques. [40] Competitive intelligence draws on a wider variety (primary and secondary) of sources from a wider range of stakeholders (suppliers, competitors, distributors, substitutes and media) to answer existing questions, raise new ones and guide action. [37] [ verification needed ]

Ben Gilad and Jan Herring lay down a set of prerequisites defining competitive intelligence, distinguishing it from other information-rich disciplines such as market research or business development. They show that a common body of knowledge and a unique set of tools (key intelligence topics, business war games and blindspots analysis) distinguish competitive intelligence; while other sensory activities in a commercial firm focus on one segment of the market (customers, suppliers or acquisition targets), CI synthesizes data from all high-impact players (HIP). [22]

Gilad later focused his delineation of CI on the difference between information and intelligence. According to him, the common denominator among organizational sensory functions (whether they are called market research, business intelligence or market intelligence) is that they deliver information rather than intelligence. Intelligence, says Gilad, is a perspective on facts rather than the facts themselves. Unique among corporate functions, competitive intelligence has a perspective of risks and opportunities for a firm's performance; as such, it (not information activities) is part of an organization's risk-management activity. [41]

Ethics

Ethics has been a long-held issue of discussion among competitive intelligence practitioners. [36] The questions revolve around what is and is not allowable in terms of competitive intelligence activity. Several scholarly treatments have been generated on this topic, most prominently addressed through Strategic Consortium of Intelligence Professionals publications. [42] The book Competitive Intelligence Ethics: Navigating the Gray Zone provides nearly twenty separate views about ethics in competitive intelligence, as well as another 10 codes used by various individuals or organizations. [42] Combining that with the over two dozen scholarly articles or studies found within the various competitive intelligence bibliographic entries, [43] [ verification needed ] [10] [11] [44] it is clear that no shortage of study has gone into better classifying, understanding, and addressing CI ethics.

Competitive information may be obtained from public or subscription sources, from networking with competitor staff or customers, disassembly of competitor products or from field research interviews. Competitive intelligence research is distinguishable from industrial espionage, as competitive intelligence practitioners generally abide by local legal guidelines and ethical business norms. [45]

Outsourcing

Outsourcing has become a big business for competitive intelligence professionals. There are many different companies in this field, including market research and consulting firms. [46]

See also

Related Research Articles

Business intelligence (BI) consists of strategies, methodologies, and technologies used by enterprises for data analysis and management of business information. Common functions of BI technologies include reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, dashboard development, data mining, process mining, complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, predictive analytics, and prescriptive analytics.

Marketing management is the strategic organizational discipline that focuses on the practical application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and organizations and on the management of marketing resources and activities. Compare marketology, which Aghazadeh defines in terms of "recognizing, generating and disseminating market insight to ensure better market-related decisions".

Competitive analysis in marketing and strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context to identify opportunities and threats. Profiling combines all of the relevant sources of competitor analysis into one framework in the support of efficient and effective strategy formulation, implementation, monitoring and adjustment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SWOT analysis</span> Business planning and analysis technique

In strategic planning and strategic management, SWOT analysis is a decision-making technique that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of an organization or project.

Marketing strategy refers to efforts undertaken by an organization to increase its sales and achieve competitive advantage. In other words, it is the method of advertising a company's products to the public through an established plan through the meticulous planning and organization of ideas, data, and information.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Data management</span> Disciplines related to managing data as a resource

Data management comprises all disciplines related to handling data as a valuable resource, it is the practice of managing an organization's data so it can be analyzed for decision making.

The aim of a strategic early warning system (SEWS) is to assist organizations in dealing with discontinuities or strategic surprises. By detecting weak signals, which can be perceived as important discontinuities in an organizational environment, SEWS allows organizations to react strategically ahead of time.

The resource-based view (RBV), often referred to as the "resource-based view of the firm", is a managerial framework used to determine the strategic resources a firm can exploit to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

Commercial intelligence (CI) is the process of defining, gathering, analyzing, distributing accurate, and relevant intelligence regarding the products, customers, competitors, business environment, and the organization itself. This methodical program affects the organization's tactics, decisions and operations. It is a form of open-source intelligence practiced by diverse international and local businesses.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to marketing:

Babette Bensoussan is an author and competitive intelligence specialist, who has written several books on competitive intelligence and analysis. She runs a consulting firm based in Sydney, Australia, The MindShifts Group Pty. Ltd. Babette now lives with her husband on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia.

Craig S. Fleisher is a scholar, advisor and author who has written or edited several books on public affairs, business, and competitive intelligence and analysis. Before becoming Dean of the Business School at the College of Coastal Georgia, he was awarded two endowed research chair positions while a Professor of Business at the Odette School of Business, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. His research addresses the areas of business and competitive intelligence, corporate public affairs, and performance management and measurement. Since 2011 Dr. Fleisher has served as the Chief Learning Officer of Aurora WDC, a 20+ year old professional services firm (PSF) headquartered in Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Business war gaming, corporate war gaming or business wargaming is an adaptation of the art of simulating moves and counter-moves in a commercial setting. In a complex global and competitive world, formulating a plan without testing it against likely external reactions is the equivalent of walking into a battlefield without the right weapons or a plan to win. In situations where the cost of being wrong is high, war games can be very helpful to understand from a 360-degree perspective the external opportunities and challenges of all the key stakeholders in the industry.

A marketing information system (MIS) is a management information system (MIS) designed to support marketing decision making. Jobber (2007) defines it as a "system in which marketing data is formally gathered, stored, analysed and distributed to managers in accordance with their informational needs on a regular basis." In addition, the online business dictionary defines Marketing Information System (MKIS) as "a system that analyzes and assesses marketing information, gathered continuously from sources inside and outside an organization or a store." Furthermore, "an overall Marketing Information System can be defined as a set structure of procedures and methods for the regular, planned collection, analysis and presentation of information for use in making marketing decisions."

Seena Sharp, author of Competitive Intelligence Advantage, is a recognized leader in Competitive Intelligence. She founded one of the first competitive intelligence company, Sharp Market Intelligence, in the US in 1979, in Los Angeles, a company that serves clients across the US, Canada, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Market intelligence (MI) is gathering and analyzing information relevant to a company's market - trends, competitor and customer monitoring. It is a subtype of competitive intelligence (CI), which is data and information gathered by companies that provide continuous insight into market trends such as competitors' and customers' values and preferences.

Porter's four corners model is a predictive tool designed by Michael Porter that helps in determining a competitor's course of action. Unlike other predictive models which predominantly rely on a firm's current strategy and capabilities to determine future strategy, Porter's model additionally calls for an understanding of what motivates the competitor. This added dimension of understanding a competitor's internal culture, value system, mindset, and assumptions helps in determining a much more accurate and realistic reading of a competitor's possible reactions in a given situation.

Yves-Michel Marti is a pioneer in the field of Competitive Intelligence. He is the founder of Egideria and of the French branch of the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals.

The Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence is an educational organization bringing professional training to the field of competitive intelligence (CI). Established in 1996, the academy has expanded its training to thousands of managers from 58 countries and six continents at its campuses in Cambridge, MA and Brussels, Belgium. The academy is the only CI-dedicated institution to be externally accredited by the International Accreditors for Continuing Education and Training (IACET). It grants the Competitive Intelligence Professional (CIP) certification based on a 9-course program, including a course in ethics and a pioneering course in business war gaming. To be certified, managers must complete the required coursework and pass a certification exam. To accommodate managers whose main interest is in using CI tools and managers working as CI professionals, the academy offers two levels of certification: a basic CIP-I, and an advanced CIP-II. The academy is currently the largest training institute in its field.

Market orientation is the extent to which an organisation behaves in response to a given market. Kohli and Jaworski define market orientation as "the organization-wide generation of market intelligence, dissemination of the intelligence across departments and organization-wide responsiveness to it". Narver and Slater define market orientation as "the organization culture that most effectively and efficiently creates the necessary behaviours for the creation of superior value for buyers and, thus, continuous superior performance for the business".

References

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  21. ↑ (Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2003, 6(4), July/August)
  22. 1 2 Gilad, Ben and Jan Herring. "CI Certification - Do We Need It?", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2001, 4(2), 28-31.
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  37. 1 2 3 4 Fleisher, Craig S. (2003). "Should the Field be Called 'Competitive Intelligence?' pp. 56-69 in Fleisher, Craig S. and David Blenkhorn [eds.], Controversies in Competitive Intelligence: The Enduring Issues. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
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  41. ↑ Gilad, B. (2008) "The Future of Competitive Intelligence: Contest for the Profession's Soul", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 11 (5), 21–25.
  42. 1 2 Competitive Intelligence Foundation (2006). Competitive Intelligence Ethics: Navigating the Gray Zone. D. Fehringer and Hohhof, B.[Eds], Alexandria, VA: Competitive Intelligence Foundation
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  44. ↑ "Ethics in Competitive Intelligence, University of Ottawa". Wiki.telfer.uottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
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  46. ↑ "Competitive intelligence companies - a definitive list".
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