Cope's gray tree frog

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Cope's gray tree frog
Hyla chrysoscelis UMFS 2016 1.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Hylidae
Genus: Dryophytes
Species:
D. chrysoscelis
Binomial name
Dryophytes chrysoscelis
(Cope, 1880)
Synonyms
  • Hyla chrysoscelisCope, 1880

Cope's gray tree frog [2] (Dryophytes chrysoscelis), also called the southern gray tree frog is a species of tree frog found in the United States. It is almost indistinguishable from the gray tree frog (Dryophytes versicolor), and shares much of its geographic range. Both species are variable in color, mottled gray to gray-green, resembling the bark of trees. These are tree frogs of woodland habitats, though they will sometimes travel into more open areas to reach a breeding pond. The only readily noticeable difference between the two species is the mating call — Cope's has a faster-paced and slightly higher-pitched call than D. versicolor. In addition, D. chrysoscelis is reported to be slightly smaller, more arboreal, and more tolerant of dry conditions than D. versicolor. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Edward Drinker Cope described the species in 1880. The specific name, chrysoscelis, is from Greek chrysos, gold, and scelis, leg. [4]

Microscopic inspection of the chromosomes of D. chrysoscelis and D. versicolor reveals differences in chromosome number. D. chrysoscelis is diploid, having two complete sets of chromosomes, the usual condition in vertebrates. D. versicolor is tetraploid, having double the usual number of chromosomes. Generally, D. versicolor is believed to have evolved from D. chrysoscelis in the last major ice age, when areas of extremely low temperatures divided populations. Despite currently sharing habitat, the two species generally do not interbreed.

Description

Showing variation in color Hyla chrysoscelisPCCA20060401-2867B.jpg
Showing variation in color

Both D. chrysoscelis and D. versicolor have black-marked bright orange to yellow patches on their hind legs, which distinguishes them from other tree frogs, such as D. avivoca. [3] The bright-yellow pattern is normally hidden, but exposed when the frog leaps. This "flash pattern" likely serves to startle a predator as the frog makes its escape. [5] Similar hidden bright patterns are common in various Lepidoptera, for instance moths of the genus Catocala . [6] Both species of gray tree frogs are slightly sexually dimorphic. Males have black or gray throats in the breeding season, while the throats of the females are lighter. [7]

D. chrysoscelis male showing black throat H chrysoscelis male.JPG
D. chrysoscelis male showing black throat

Skin secretions from this species may be irritating or toxic to mouth, eyes, other mucous membranes. [8]

Distribution and habitat

The range of D. chrysoscelis is more southerly; it is apparently the species found in the lower elevation Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Virginia and the Carolinas. In those areas, D. versicolor may be present only in the Appalachians. [3] The bird-voiced tree frog, D. avivoca, is similar to D. chrysoscelis and D. versicolor, but is smaller (25–50 mm in length vs 32–62 mm for the gray tree frog).

Behavior

Metamorphs are typically green Hyla chrysoscelis metamorph 2.jpg
Metamorphs are typically green
Male calling.

In the Southeastern United States, Cope's gray tree frog breeds and calls from May to August. Isolated males start calling from woodland areas during warm weather a week or more before migrating to temporary ponds to breed. There they form aggregations (choruses) and call together. Chorusing is most frequent at night, but individuals often call during daytime in response to thunder or other loud noises. Eggs are laid in batches of 10 to 40 on the surfaces of shallow ponds and other small bodies of water. These temporary bodies of water usually lack fish, and females preferentially lay their eggs in water bodies that lack fish or other predatory vertebrates and have lower desiccation risk. [9] [10] [11] Eggs hatch in about five days and metamorphosis takes place at about 45–65 days. [3] [7] [12]

Dryophytes chrysoscelis is capable of surviving temperatures as low as –8 °C. [13]

Related Research Articles

Hylidae

Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.

<i>Hyla</i>

Hyla is a genus of frogs in the tree frog family Hylidae. As traditionally defined, it was a wastebasket genus with more than 300 species found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and across the Americas. After a major revision of the family most of these have been moved to other genera so that Hyla now only contains 17 extant (living) species from Europe, northern Africa and Asia. The earliest known fossil member of this genus is †Hyla swanstoni from the Eocene of Saskatchewan, Canada, but its designation to Hyla happened before the major revision, meaning that its position needs confirmation.

<i>Agalychnis callidryas</i>

Agalychnis callidryas, known as the red-eyed treefrog, is an arboreal hylid native to Neotropical rainforests where it ranges from Mexico, through Central America, to Colombia. It is sometimes kept in captivity. The scientific name of the red-eyed treefrog, A. callidryas, comes from Greek words kalos (beautiful) and dryas.

American green tree frog Species of amphibian

The American green tree frog is a common species of New World tree frog belonging to the family Hylidae. A common backyard species, it is popular as a pet, and is the state amphibian of Georgia and Louisiana.

Gray treefrog

The gray treefrog is a species of small arboreal frog native to much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Pine Barrens tree frog

The Pine Barrens tree frog is a species of New World tree frog. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.

Canyon tree frog

The canyon tree frog is a species of tree frog native to the rocky plateau areas of southern United States, primarily in New Mexico and Arizona, but it also ranges to Utah, Texas, and Colorado, and as far south as the Mexican states of Michoacán, México, Guanajuato, Guerrero, and Oaxaca.

<i>Dryophytes gratiosus</i>

Dryophytes gratiosus, commonly known as the barking tree frog, is a species of tree frog endemic to the south-eastern United States.

<i>Dendropsophus ebraccatus</i>

Dendropsophus ebraccatus, also known as the hourglass treefrog or pantless treefrog, is a neotropical treefrog, found scattered throughout Central and South America from southern Mexico to northern Ecuador. The common names of D. ebraccatus come from the dark hourglass shaped pattern found in the centre of the back and the distinct smooth yellow thighs that contrast the rest of the brazenly patterned body. The contrasting of the smooth yellow thighs from the rest of the bodies pattern provide the illusion that D. ebraccatus is not wearing pants. The name ebraccata in Latin means "without trousers". D. ebraccatus has a number of unique reproductive features, such as the ability to alter rates of hatching shared in a number of Anura families. D. ebraccatus is also extremely unique in its ability to alter its mode of reproduction as it is the only known vertebrate to be able to do so.

Bird-voiced tree frog

The bird-voiced tree frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to the United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, shrub-dominated wetlands, and swamps.

Pine woods tree frog

The pine woods tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae, endemic to the southeastern United States.

Wrights mountain tree frog

Wright's mountain tree frog is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in Mexico and the United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate grassland, rivers, and freshwater marshes. Dryophytes wrightorum has been regarded as a synonym of Dryophytes eximius, the mountain tree frog, which is listed as the state amphibian of Arizona. As presently circumscribed, Drophytes eximius is endemic to Mexico and does not occur in Arizona.

Tree frog

A treefrog, or tree frog, is any species of frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in trees, known as an arboreal state. Several lineages of frogs among the Neobatrachia have given rise to treefrogs, although they are not closely related to each other.

Hylinae

Hylinae is the largest subfamily of the family Hylidae, the "tree frogs". It contains nearly 700 species in 41 genera. They are generally found in North and South America, Europe, temperate Asia, and Africa north of the Sahara.

The gray tree frog is a small arboreal frog in the family Hylidae native to much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.

Cope's tree frog may refer to:

<i>Dryophytes</i>

Dryophytes is a genus of Ameroasian tree frogs in the family Hylidae. They are found mostly in North America, but the genus also includes three species found in eastern Asia.

References

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Hyla chrysoscelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014. Retrieved 2015-01-17.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Hyla chrysoscelis, Amphibian Species of the World 5.6
  3. 1 2 3 4 Martof, B. S., et al. (1980). Amphibians and Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   0-8078-4252-4.
  4. Family Group Names in Diptera Archived 2008-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Tesler, P. Exploratorium The Amazing, Adaptable Frog. The Exploratorium. San Francisco.
  6. Sargent. (1969). A suggestion regarding hindwing diversity among moths of the genus Catocala OF (Noctuidae). Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23: 261-264.
  7. 1 2 Tyning, T. F. (1990). A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN   0-316-81719-8.
  8. "Species profile: Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis)". Savannah River Ecology Laboratory - University of Georgia.
  9. Resetarits, Jr., William J. (1989). "Choice of oviposition site by Hyla chrysoscelis: role of predators and competitors". Ecology. 70 (1): 220–228. doi:10.2307/1938428. JSTOR   1938428.
  10. Pintar, Matthew R.; Resetarits, Jr., William J. (2017). "Out with the old, in with the new: oviposition preference matches larval success in Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 51 (2): 186–189. doi:10.1670/16-019. S2CID   53633353.
  11. Pintar, Matthew R.; Resetarits, Jr., William J. (2017). "Relative predation risk and risk of desiccation co-determine oviposition preferences in Cope's gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis". Oecologia. 184 (2): 423–430. Bibcode:2017Oecol.184..423P. doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3875-7. PMID   28470466. S2CID   2743867.
  12. Rubio, M. Atlanta's Backyard Herps. Accessed 2 June 2013.
  13. Adaptations of Frogs to Survive Freezing

Further reading