The Council or Synod of Sens (Latin : Concilium Senonense) may refer to any of the following Catholic synods in Sens, France, sometimes recognized as Primate of the Gauls with oversight of the French and German churches:
Held in 600[ citation needed ] or 601, [1] this council condemned simony in conformity with the instructions of Pope St Gregory the Great. St Columbanus refused to attend to prevent the possible enactment of a French resolution of the debate concerning the date of Easter then dividing the Frankish and Breton churches.
A series of councils were held in 657, 669 or 670,[ citation needed ] 833, [1] 845 [1] or 846, 850, 852, 853, 862, 980, 986, 996, 1048, 1071, and 1080, mostly concerned with the privileges of the Abbey of St Pierre le Vif.[ citation needed ]
This council was initially called merely to impart additional solemnity to the exposition of the relics which Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens, had donated to Sens Cathedral. Attended by King Louis VII and Archbishop Samson of Reims, it was used by St Bernard of Clairvaux as an opportunity to condemn Peter Abelard for Arianism in distinguishing the members of the Trinity; for Pelagianism in preferring free will to grace; and Nestorianism in dividing the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ. Bernard produced extracts from Abelard's works and called on him to deny having written them, to prove their truth, or to recant and retract them. Abelard, rather than defending himself at the council, attempted to appeal to Pope Innocent II. The council condemned his work but deferred to the pope for judgment on the man himself. Samson and other bishops wrote to Innocent asking for his confirmation of their findings, which he granted, condemning Abelard to perpetual silence. Rather than submit to this, Abelard published an apology confessing orthodox beliefs, desisting from his appeal, and retracting all he had written "contrary to the truth". [2] [3]
Various sources date this council to 1140, [4] [5] although that appears mistaken. [6] [3] [1]
Held in 1198[ citation needed ] or 1199, [2] this council was headed by the papal legate Peter of Capua. It condemned the Cathars (Populicani) who had become popular in Nivernais as a form of Manichaeanism and supposedly counted the dean of Nevers and the abbot of St Martin de Nevers Raynaldus as adherents. Raynaldus was further condemned as a Stercoranist and Origenist and deposed. [2] Both appealed to Pope Innocent III, who ordered Peter and Eudes de Sully, bishop of Paris, to investigate.
A series of councils were held in 1216, 1224[ citation needed ] or 1225, [1] 1239, 1252, 1253, 1269, 1280, and 1315, mostly concerned with disciplinary matters.[ citation needed ] The council in 1224 condemned a work by Scotus Eriugena.
The council in May 1320 was presided over by William de Melun, archbishop of Sens. It noted bishops should provide a 40-day indulgence to those fasting on the eve of the Feast of Corpus Christi; directed that jurisdictions were clerics were forcibly detained should be placed under interdict; and condemned priests with beards, long hair, or boots dyed red, green, yellow, or white. [2]
The council in 1460 [2] or 1461 [1] was presided over by Louis de Melun. It issued various directives concerning the Eucharist, permissible behavior of the clergy and monks, obligations of the laity towards the church, and other regulations from the Fourth Council of the Lateran, the Council of Basel, and the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. [2] It was upheld by a subsequent council under Louis's successor Tristan de Salazar in 1485. [2]
Convened by King Francis I, the council in March 1522 was intended to consider church reform and to approve changes in church taxes similar to those discussed in the 1520 Taxe Cancellarie Apostolice. It had, however, no concrete outcome. [7]
Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist., venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through the nascent Cistercian Order.
Pope Celestine II, born Guido di Castello, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 26 September 1143 to his death in 1144.
Jansenism was an early modern theological movement within Catholicism, primarily active in the Kingdom of France, that arose in an attempt to reconcile the theological concepts of free will and divine grace. Jansenists claimed to profess the true doctrine of grace as put forth by Augustine of Hippo. In 1653, Pope Innocent X promulgated the bull Cum occasione, which condemned five errors attributed to Jansenism, including the idea that Christ did not die or shed his blood for all men.
Anacletus II, born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138. After the death of Pope Honorius II, the college of cardinals was divided over his successor. Unusually, the election was entrusted to eight cardinals, who elected Papareschi. A larger body of cardinals then elected Pierleoni, which led to a major schism in the Roman Catholic Church. Anacletus had the support of most Romans, including the Frangipani family, and Innocent was forced to flee to France. North of the Alps, Innocent gained the crucial support of the major religious orders, in particular Bernard of Clairvaux's Cistercians, the Abbot of Cluny Peter the Venerable; and Norbert of Xanten, the Archbishop of Magdeburg who established the Premonstratensians and held a high rank in the court of the German Emperor Lothar III.
Sens is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France, 120 km from Paris.
Arnold of Brescia, also known as Arnaldus, an Italian canon regular from Lombardy, called on the Church to renounce property-ownership and participated in the failed Commune of Rome of 1144–1193.
There have been a number of councils held at Troyes:
Peter the Venerable, also known as Peter of Montboissier, was the abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Cluny. He has been honored as a saint, though he was never canonized in the Middle Ages. Since in 1862 Pope Pius IX confirmed his historical cult, and the Martyrologium Romanum, issued by the Holy See in 2004, regards him as a Blessed.
Robert of Melun was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England. He studied under Peter Abelard in Paris before teaching there and at Melun, which gave him his surname. His students included John of Salisbury, Roger of Worcester, William of Tyre, and possibly Thomas Becket. Robert was involved in the Council of Reims in 1148, which condemned the teachings of Gilbert de la Porrée. Three of his theological works survive, and show him to have been strictly orthodox.
Alberic of Ostia (1080–1148) was a Benedictine monk, diplomat and Cardinal Bishop of Ostia from 1138 to 1148. He was one of the most important people in the administration of Pope Eugenius III, especially due to his diplomatic skills.
The Diocese of Troyes is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Troyes, France. The diocese now comprises the département of Aube. Erected in the 4th century, the diocese is currently a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Reims. It was re-established in 1802 as a suffragan of the Archbishopric of Paris, when it comprised the départements of Aube and Yonne and its bishop had the titles of Troyes, Auxerre, and Châlons-sur-Marne. In 1822, the See of Châlons was created and the Bishop of Troyes lost that title. When Sens was made an archdiocese, the episcopal title of Auxerre went to it and Troyes lost also the département of Yonne, which became the Archdiocese of Sens. The Diocese of Troyes covers, besides the ancient diocesan limits, 116 parishes of the ancient Diocese of Langres and 20 belonging to the ancient diocese of Sens. On 8 December 2002, the Diocese of Troyes was returned to its ancient metropolitan, the Archbishop of Reims. As of 2014, there was one priest for every 2,710 Catholics.
The Archdiocese of Sens and Auxerre is a Latin Archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. The Archdiocese comprises the department of Yonne, which is in the region of Bourgogne. Traditionally established in sub-apostolic times, the diocese as metropolis of Quarta Lugdunensis subsequently achieved metropolitical status. For a time, the Archbishop of Sens held the title "Primate of the Gauls and Germania". Until 1622, the Metropolitan Archdiocese numbered seven suffragan (subordinate) dioceses: the dioceses of Chartres, Auxerre, Meaux, Paris, Orléans, Nevers and Troyes, which inspired the acronym CAMPONT. The Diocese of Bethléem at Clamecy was also dependent on the metropolitan see of Sens. On December 8, 2002, as part of a general reorganization of the dioceses of France undertaken, at least in part, to respond to demographic changes, the Archdiocese of Sens-Auxerre ceased to have metropolitan rank and became a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Dijon, which became the centre of a new ecclesiastical province for the Burgundy administrative region. Consequently the Archbishop of Sens-Auxerre no longer has the privilege of wearing the pallium.
Arles in the south of Roman Gaul hosted several councils or synods referred to as Concilium Arelatense in the history of the early Christian church.
Jocelin of Soissons was a French theologian, a philosophical opponent of Peter Abelard. He became bishop of Soissons, and is known also as a composer, with two pieces in the Codex Calixtinus. He was teaching at the Paris cathedral school in the early 1110s.
In 1148, a Council of Reims was called by Pope Eugene III to consider a variety of issues for the Church. Originally the summons to the council went out in October 1147 and it was supposed to be held in February 1148 at Trier, but conditions there were such that it was moved to Reims. A number of the bishops and other Churchmen who had been convoked did not attend and Eugene suspended many of the non-attendees, excepting the other Churchmen of Italy, who were excused. The council convened on 21 March 1148 and is said to have lasted 11 days in total, which would give an end date of 1 April 1148. However, it is possible that it was shorter, given that the large increase in the population of Reims would have strained the town's resources.
The Lateran Council of 769 was a synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran to rectify perceived abuses in the papal electoral process which had led to the elevation of the antipopes Constantine II and Philip. It also condemned the rulings of the Council of Hieria. It is perhaps the most important Roman council held during the 8th century.
Peter Abelard was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, poet, composer and musician.
The Council or Synod of Soissons may refer to any of the following Catholic synods in Soissons, France:
The Council of Pisa, was convened by Pope Innocent II in May 1135. An extraordinary number of prelates, archbishops, bishops, monks, and abbots attended the council, including a large number of Italian clergy. The council addressed simony, schismatic clerics, heresy, as well as donations to the Templar Order. Pisa would be the third council Innocent would convene to address issues within the Catholic Church.
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