The Court of Cassation is one of the four courts of last resort in France. It has jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters triable in the judicial system; it is the supreme court of appeal in these cases. It has jurisdiction to review the law, as well as to certify questions of law, to determine miscarriages of justice. The Court is located in the Palace of Justice in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.
The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany.
Macau law is broadly based on Portuguese law, and therefore part of the civil law tradition of continental European legal systems. Portuguese law is itself highly influenced by German law. However, many other influences are present, including Chinese law, Italian law, and some narrow aspects of common law.
The judicial system of Ukraine is outlined in the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. Before this there was no notion of judicial review nor any Supreme court since 1991's Ukrainian independence when it started being slowly restructured.
The judicial system of Turkey is defined by Articles 138 to 160 of the Constitution of Turkey.
In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and highcourt of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts, hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts, or from intermediate-level appellate courts.
The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest court of law in Portugal without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court.
The judiciary of Portugal is a system of courts that together constitute one of the four organs of Sovereignty as defined by the Portuguese Constitution. The courts are independent from the other three Portuguese organs of Sovereignty.
The Court of Cassation is the main court of last resort in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It has its seat in the Kinshasa Palace of Justice.
The High Council of Justice is the national council of the judiciary of Belgium. It was established in 1999 by Article 151 of the Belgian Constitution and is responsible for exercising external oversight over the operation of the judicial system, handling complaints, submitting advice and opinions to policymakers, nominating candidates for appointments to the judiciary and preparing guidelines for the training of the members of the magistracy.
The National Council of Justice (CNJ) is an organ of the Brazilian Judicial System created in 2004 by a Constitutional Amendment, as a part of the Judicial Reform. The 15-member Council was established on December 31, 2004, by the 45th Amendment to the Constitution of Brazil, and inaugurated on June 14, 2005. Among its responsibilities are ensuring that the judicial system remains autonomous, conducting disciplinary proceedings against members of the Judiciary, and compiling and publishing statistics on the Brazilian court system. The President of the Council is the President of the Supreme Federal Court.
The Judiciary of Brazil is the group of public entities designated by the Brazilian constitution to carry out the country's judicial functions.
The judiciary of Italy is a system of courts that interpret and apply the law in the Italian Republic. In Italy, judges are public officials and, since they exercise one of the sovereign powers of the State, only Italian citizens are eligible for judgeship. In order to become a judge, applicants must obtain a degree of higher education as well as pass written and oral examinations. However, most training and experience is gained through the judicial organization itself. The potential candidates then work their way up from the bottom through promotions.
The Supreme Council of Justice is the national council of the judiciary of Ukraine, which nominates judges to be appointed by the President of Ukraine. In 2021, the Ethics Council was created with the intention of selecting the members of the Supreme Council of Justice in a way that would help to create an independent and efficient judiciary in Ukraine.
The Judiciary of Kosovo is the collection of the central Kosovo institutions that exercises judicial authority in Kosovo. According to the 2008 Constitution of Kosovo, the judicial system is composed of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts, a Constitutional Court, and an independent prosecutorial institution. The courts are administered by the Kosovo Judicial Council.
The East Timor Supreme Court of Justice, also known as the Court of Appeal of East Timor, is the highest court of East Timor. It was established by the Constitution of East Timor with ultimate jurisdiction over all legal, constitutional and electoral matters.
The High Council of the Judiciary is an Italian institution of constitutional importance, which regulates the Ordinary Judiciary of Italy. The High Council is based in the Palazzo dei Marescialli, in Piazza Indipendenza 6.
The Judiciary of Cambodia is independent from the rest of the government of Cambodia, as specified by the Cambodian Constitution. The judiciary follows civil law tradition, the instruction being entrusted to a judge and the prosecutors contenting themselves with requesting the application of the law.
César Hinostroza is a Peruvian judge, lawyer, and fugitive who was a judge in the Peruvian Supreme Court from 2 January 2017 until his escape on July 11, 2018, in the midst of the political crisis in Peru. He is known for being involved in the CNM Audios scandal, a corruption scandal which led to his escape. When he escaped on 17 October, he was arrested following a warrant by Interpol, but was provisionally released on April 11, 2019.
The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors is a collegial body invested with a preponderant role within the framework of the administration of justice of the Principality of Monaco. The High Council of Judges and Prosecutors was instituted by the law n° 1364 of November 16, 2009 relating to the statute of the magistracy. In November 2018, the new members of the High Judicial Council have been introduced in their new functions, under the chairmanship of Laurent Anselmi, Director of Judicial Services.
