Cyclone Filao

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On 23 February, Météo-France's office on the island of Réunion (MFR) started monitoring a tropical depression to the northeast of Madagascar. [1] At this time, the depression developed a closed circulation, which received a rating of T1.5 on the Dvorak Scale, a tool used to estimate a system's intensity. [2] Shortly thereafter, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) first classified the system, designating it as 14S. [3] Following a slight increase in organization, [2] the depression moved southwest [4] [nb 2] and quickly crossed the tip of northern Madagascar. [6] After weakening over land, the depression reentered the Mozambique channel near Analalava on 25 February. Based on a 3.0 Dvorak classification, MFR upgraded the storm into a moderate tropical storm on 27 February; [2] the JTWC would follow suit later that day. [7]

After reaching the 40th meridian, Filao turned south, which weakened a ridge. The ridge near the system began to re-strengthen, causing Filao to move erratically, first west, and then northwest. The new position of the ridge provided highly favorable conditions aloft, resulting in a period of rapid deepening. [2] By 29 February, MFR upgraded the storm into a severe tropical storm, [1] while the JTWC estimated that Filao attained hurricane-force. [4] Early on 1 March, data from MFR indicated that Filao reached its peak intensity of 85 mph (135 km/h) and its minimum pressure of 954 mbar (hPa); 28.17 inHg, [1] in agreement with T4.5 and T5.0 from the Dvorak Technique. [2] Subsequently, the JTWC reported that Cyclone Filao had attained winds equivalent to Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, with winds of 155 km/h (96 mph). [7] Despite a decrease in satellite intensity estimates, [2] Filao held on to this intensity until 1800 UTC, [7] when the storm made landfall near Quelimane in Mozambique. [1] [6] Cyclone Filao quickly weakened over land; both agencies suggest that the storm dissipated on 2 March [1] [4] over the Zambeze Valley and embedded into the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). [2]

Preparations and impact

Due to the weak nature of the storm while crossing Madagascar, damage was minor. After crossing Juan de Nova Island as a tropical depression on 27 February, winds of 54 km/h (34 mph) and gusts of 87 km/h (54 mph) were reported, along with a minimum barometric pressure of 1,002.3 mbar (29.60 inHg) at 0250 UTC. [2]

Although the cyclone affected a sparsely populated region of Mozambique, [8] Filao brought heavy rains. Peak storm totals included 103.9 mm (4.09 in) in Quelimane and 51.5 mm (2.03 in) in Beira, both far greater than their March average. [2] Winds of 47 mph (76 km/h) and gusts of 67 mph (108 km/h) were measured. [9] Furthermore, a minimum pressure of 993.9 mbar (29.35 inHg) was reported in Quelimane at 23:00 UTC on 1 March. [2]

The Zambezia Province, where Quelimane is located, sustained the worst damage from the cyclone. [10] Throughout Quelimane, 57 fatalities were reported and 800 homes were damaged. [11] Eleven people were wounded, 7,375 persons were rendered homeless, 2,240 buildings were damaged, of which 359 were completely destroyed. Throughout the city, power was knocked out and telephone service was cut. [12]

In the Inhassunge Province, 400 ha (990 acres) of rice were lost and thousands of coconut trees were downed by the storm. Throughout the district, some schools were damaged while 800 homes were destroyed. [13] [14] Within the province of Sofala, 14,395 ha (35,570 acres) of harvest were destroyed, 28,174 people were rendered homeless, and 1,389 buildings were destroyed. [2] Elsewhere, many rivers along the southern and central part of the nation were flooded; consequently; 5,500 ha (13,590 acres) of crops were destroyed. The Pungwe River experienced its worst flood of the 1980s, but the worst flooding took place along the Limpopo River. [15] Near the Pungwe River, a road that connected Mozambique to Zimbabwe was destroyed. Many nearby homes and fields were destroyed, forcing numerous families to seek shelter. [16] Throughout the nation of Mozambique, large portions of the maize, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumber, and pumpkin crops were washed away due to flooding. [17]

Overall, the storm brought considerable damage to the nation; [18] it was also the first storm to affect the nation since Tropical Storm Domoina in 1984. [19] Damage totaled to $10 million (1988  USD). [2] Property damage alone totaled to $1.5 million, [20] just under $1 million of which came from buildings. [13] Moreover, insured losses from the storm totaled $1 million. [14] Even though the death toll was initially believed to be 57; [8] by 14 March, this number had increased to the final death toll of 100 after additional information was received from remote areas of the country. [21] [22] [23] [24] About 90,000 people were directly affected by the system. [25]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ All damage totals are in the value of the USD during the storm's year of existence.
  2. ↑ Wind estimates from Météo-France and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds. [5]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Hudah</span> South-West Indian and Australian cyclone in 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Mozambique floods</span> Floods caused by tropical cyclogenesis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Connie</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone in 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Honorinina</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone in 1986

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dumako</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2022.

Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako was a weak tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in Madagascar. The fourth disturbance and fourth named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, it was the third storm to make landfall on Madagascar in 2022 after Ana and Batsirai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gombe</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2022

Tropical Cyclone Gombe was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Mozambique. It became the first storm to make a major landfall in Nampula Province in Mozambique since Cyclone Jokwe in 2008. The eighth tropical storm, fourth tropical cyclone and fourth intense tropical cyclone of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Gombe originated from a tropical disturbance located off the coast of Madagascar. This area of convection was designated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center as Invest 97S on 6 March. The next day, it began to slowly move westward and executed a loop as it became more organized, which prompted Météo-France Reunion (MFR) to note the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 09. The system became a depression on 9 March, and became a moderate tropical storm the same day. Soon after being named, Gombe made landfall in Madagascar, and entered in the Mozambique Channel the next day. The storm continued its westward motion while slowly intensifying, and was upgraded to a Tropical Cyclone by the MFR on 10 March. Closing in on Nampula Province, the storm underwent rapid intensification, and was upgraded to the fourth Intense Tropical Cyclone of the year and reached its peak intensity on 11 march, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 960 hectopascals (28 inHg). The storm proceeded to make landfall, and quickly lost its convection over land. On 12 March, Gombe degenerated into a remnant low overland. However, the system subsequently turned southeastward and reemerged over water, before briefly regenerating into a tropical depression on 17 March. Gombe dissipated later that day.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 (in French) Donnes for Filao (Report). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 3 November 2004. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Tropical Cyclone Filao, 24 February-2 March. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. Chapter IV — Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (1988 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. pp. 160–167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 Tropical Cyclone 014S (Filao) best track analysis (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  5. ↑ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (26 April 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  6. 1 2 Tropical Cyclone FILAO, season 1987/1988 (Report). FIRINGA le site. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1988 FILAO (1988055S10051). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  8. 1 2 "Toll in cyclone put at 57". The Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press. 12 March 1988. p. 21. Retrieved 10 April 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. ↑ "WMO Bulletin". World Meteorological Organization . 38. 1989.
  10. ↑ News review - Issues 121-144. Mozambique Information Office. 1988.
  11. ↑ World food needs and availability. The Office. 1988. p. 37.
  12. ↑ Jeremy Harding (24 October 2007). "Inroads into silence". Index on Censorship. 18 (4): 12–13. doi: 10.1080/03064228908534624 .
  13. 1 2 "International News". Associated Press. 12 March 1988.
  14. 1 2 "Cyclone Hits Mozambique's Province of Zambezia". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. 13 March 1988.
  15. ↑ "severe floods render tens of thousands of mozambicans homeless". The Xinhua General Overseas News Service. 15 March 1988.
  16. ↑ "Mozambique floods cut Beira-Zimbabwe road". BBC News . 10 March 1988.
  17. ↑ Leon L. Bram (1989). Funk & Wagnalls new encyclopedia 1989 yearbook. p. 57.
  18. ↑ Joseph P. Stoltman; John Lidstone; Lisa M. DeChano (2004). International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 239. ISBN   9781402028502 . Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  19. ↑ "Avaliação da Vulnerabilidade as Mudanças Climáticas e Estratégias" (PDF). Mapauto (in Portuguese): 9. 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2013.[ dead link ]
  20. ↑ "Courier-Mail". Appinet News. AIM. 14 March 1988.
  21. ↑ "Cyclone Death Toll Rises to 100". The Press-Courier . Associated Press. 14 March 1988. p. 7. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  22. ↑ (in Portuguese) Clima da Bacia do Rio Limpopo: Ciclones (Report). Clima da Bacia do Rio Limpopo. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  23. ↑ "Mozambique total over 100". The Vindicator . Associated Press. 14 March 1988. p. 3. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  24. ↑ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present" (PDF). p. 140. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  25. ↑ "Climate of the Limpopo River Basin: Cyclones". Limpopo River Awareness Kit. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
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Tropical Cyclone Filao
Cyclone Fila 29 Feb 1988 1309z.png
Cyclone Filao on 29 February