Cyclone Nadia

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Map key
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A disturbance in the Indian Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone became evident southeast of the Chagos Archipelago on 16 March after two cyclones moved away from the region. Based on analysis from Météo-France, the system slowly organized while moving westward, its movement influenced by a subtropical ridge to the south. [1] On 17 March, the JTWC also began tracking the system. [2] Due to cool, dry air, the system initially did not intensify, although its passage over warmer sea surface temperatures on 19 March allowed for strengthening. That same day, MF classified the disturbance as Tropical Storm Nadia after rainbands developed. [1] A day later, the JTWC designated Nadia as Tropical Cyclone 23S. [3]

After becoming a tropical storm, Nadia quickly intensified, developing a central dense overcast and later an eye. With minimal wind shear, the storm strengthened into a tropical cyclone early on 21 March. [1] That day, the JTWC estimated winds of 120 km/h (75 mph 1-minute sustained), or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane, [2] and later that day, MF upgraded Nadia into an intense tropical cyclone. [1] While the cyclone was approaching northern Madagascar on 22 March, MF estimated that Nadia attained maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph (10 minute sustained)). [4] At around the same time, the JTWC estimated winds of about 220 km/h (140 mph (1-minute sustained)). [2] While at peak intensity, Nadia had well-defined outflow and an eye no larger than 30 km (19 mi). At about 0100  UTC on 23 March, Nadia made landfall on northern Madagascar near Vohemar, having weakened slightly from its peak. [1]

While located over Madagascar, Nadia weakened into a tropical storm due to the mountainous terrain. With warm temperatures, the storm re-intensified slightly after entering the Mozambique Channel, and it passed about 100 km (62 mi) south of Mayotte at 1900 UTC on 23 March. At 1700 UTC the next day, Nadia made its second landfall on Mozambique, about halfway between Nacala and Moçambique. [1] Shortly thereafter, the JTWC discontinued advisories. [3] Despite moving further inland, Nadia retained a well-organized circulation and convection. The storm turned to the south and re-emerged into the Mozambique Channel late on 26 March near the mouth of the Zambezi River. Nadia gradually re-intensified while curving to the southeast, and it re-intensified into a tropical storm on 28 March, [1] the same day the JTWC resumed issuing advisories. [3] The storm strengthened to reach a secondary peak intensity of 85 km/h (50 mph (10 minute sustained)), according to MF. After reaching a position about halfway between Mozambique and Madagascar, Nadia turned to the southwest on 1 April and lost its remaining convection. [1] The JTWC and MF discontinued advisories that day, and the circulation dissipated a day later. [1] [3]

Impact and aftermath

Damaged building in Nacala, Mozambique Nadia WFP damage.png
Damaged building in Nacala, Mozambique

While crossing northern Madagascar, Nadia produced widespread flooding. In Vohemar where it moved ashore, the storm destroyed most public buildings, although local churches provided assistance in the aftermath. [5] Across the region, the storm downed power lines and destroyed more than 540  tonnes (600  tons) of rice. [6] The cyclone killed 12 people and caused about $200,000 damage (1994 USD). [7]

Upon striking Mozambique, Nadia produced heavy rains and strong wind gusts, causing widespread tree damage and flooding. [8] The city of Nampula recorded 126 mm (4.96 in) of rainfall in a 24‑hour period. [9] Damage was heaviest in Nampula, Zambezia, Manica, and Sofala provinces. [8] In Nampula Province, Nadia destroyed 85% of the houses and 75% of the crops, mostly cashew trees. The city of Nacala was heavily damaged, [1] with about 170,000 people losing their houses. Many residents evacuated Nacala, and temporary shelters were provided for those who stayed. At the port in Nacala, the local harbor was wrecked and two ships sank; [8] one of the damaged ships spilled oil into the Bay of Nacala. [10] The city lost power and water, and its primary hospital was destroyed. About 130 km (81 mi) of power lines were cut between Nampula and Nacala, and widespread road and bridge damage disrupted transportation. In the area along Nadia's path, over 120 schools were damaged destroyed, affecting over 46,864 students. [8] Across the country, roughly 1.5 million people were left homeless. [11] A World Food Programme building in the city was destroyed, wrecking 642 tonnes (708 tons) of stored food. Overall, Nadia killed 240 people in Mozambique and injured thousands. [8] Damage was estimated at $20 million (1994 USD). [12]

Damage from Nadia extended as far inland as Malawi. [13]

Aftermath

After the storm, about 300,000 people in Nampula Province in Mozambique required food and other goods. Officials sent relief to the affected areas, including iron sheeting and medical teams. Due to damage to sanitation facilities, there were outbreaks of diarrhea and cholera in the weeks after the storm. By April 20, most primary roads were cleared, bridge reconstruction had commenced, and power was being restored. Heavy crop damage depleted food supplies, [8] The cyclone struck shortly before the annual harvest, [12] causing heavy crop damage that depleted food supplies. [8] Some residents who evacuated during the country's civil war returned late to assist in harvesting the remaining crops. In the six months after the storm, about 300 people died due to starvation. [12] Many secondary roads remained blocked in the weeks after the storm, forcing relief supplies to be transported by boat. [8] The country appealed to the international community for assistance, and by 6 May, various international agencies and governments donated about $1.4 million in cash (1994 USD). The French government sent $48,000 worth of medicine, blankets, and food, the United Kingdom sent $373,134 for generators, water tanks, and roofing materials, and the Spanish government sent about $117,000 worth of food and tents. The charity organization Concern Worldwide sent 54,000 sets of clothing to the country. The government of Japan sent 6,000 blankets and 1,800 bars of soap, while the Italian government sent five generators, eight water tanks, and 1,150 agricultural tools. Donated generators assisted in restoring water in Nacala. [8] In June 1994, the World Bank provided $20 million in assistance to the country due to the storm. [14] Cyclone Nadia contributed to fishing exports decreasing by $11 million during the year. [15]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Elita</span> South-West Indian cyclone in 2004

Tropical Cyclone Elita was an unusual tropical cyclone that made landfall on Madagascar three times. The fifth named storm of the 2003–04 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Elita developed in the Mozambique Channel on January 24, 2004. It strengthened to tropical cyclone status before striking northwestern Madagascar on January 28; it was the first storm to strike western Madagascar at that intensity since Cyclone Cynthia in 1991. Elita weakened to tropical depression status while crossing the island, and after exiting into the southwest Indian Ocean, it turned to the west and moved ashore in eastern Madagascar on January 31. After once again crossing the island, the cyclone reached the Mozambique Channel and re-intensified. Elita turned to the southeast to make its final landfall on February 3 along southwestern Madagascar. Two days later, it underwent an extratropical transition; subsequently, the remnant system moved erratically before dissipating on February 13.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Funso</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Mozambique floods</span> Floods caused by tropical cyclogenesis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Bonita</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone 1996

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gretelle</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone 1997

Tropical Cyclone Gretelle was a deadly storm that struck southeastern Madagascar in January 1997. The seventh named storm of the 1996–97 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Gretelle developed within the Intertropical Convergence Zone on 19 January, and gradually intensified while moving southwestward. On 22 January, the storm intensified to tropical cyclone status while passing northwest of Réunion; there, Gretelle produced strong wind gusts and heavy rainfall in mountainous regions. Subsequently, the cyclone strengthened to reach peak 10-minute sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph). On 24 January, Gretelle made landfall near Farafangana, the first in the region in 41 years. The cyclone weakened while crossing Madagascar, but restrengthened slightly in the Mozambique Channel. Gretelle meandered off the coast of Mozambique, bringing gusty winds that downed trees, but caused little damage in the country. An approaching trough turned the cyclone to the southeast, and Gretelle dissipated on 31 January to the south-southwest of Madagascar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Alibera</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone in 1989

Tropical Cyclone Alibera was the third longest-lasting tropical cyclone on record in the south-west Indian Ocean, with a duration of 22 days. It formed on December 16, 1989, well to the northeast of Madagascar. For several days, it meandered southwestward while gradually intensifying. On December 20, Alibera intensified to tropical cyclone status with 10‑minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km/h (75 mph), or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane. That day, the Météo-France office in Réunion (MFR) estimated 10‑minute winds of 140 km/h (87 mph), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), an unofficial warning agency for the region, estimated peak 1‑minute winds of 250 km/h (160 mph). After drifting erratically for several days, the storm began a steady southwest motion on December 29 as a greatly weakened system. On January 1, Alibera struck southeastern Madagascar near Mananjary, having re-intensified to just below tropical cyclone status. It weakened over land but again restrengthened upon reaching open waters on January 3. The storm turned to the southeast, then to the southwest, and finally back to the southeast, dissipating on January 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Honorinina</span> South-West Indian tropical cyclone in 1986

Tropical Cyclone Honorinina was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck eastern Madagascar in March 1986. The eighth named storm of the season, Honorinina formed on 9 March to the south of Diego Garcia. It moved generally to the west-southwest due to a ridge to the south, gradually intensifying. On 12 March, the Météo France office in Réunion (MFR) upgraded Honorinina to tropical cyclone status, which is the equivalent of a minimal hurricane. On the next day, the cyclone attained maximum sustained winds of 150 km/h (93 mph) while in the vicinity of Tromelin Island. Honorinina weakened subsequently before making landfall about 40 km (25 mi) north of Toamasina, Madagascar with winds of 135 km/h (84 mph). The storm weakened further over land, moving southwestward across the country. It emerged into the Mozambique Channel and became extratropical on 18 March. Honorinina then turned to the southeast, dissipating on 23 March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Dumako</span> South-West Indian Ocean tropical storm in 2022.

Moderate Tropical Storm Dumako was a weak tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage in Madagascar. The fourth disturbance and fourth named storm of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, it was the third storm to make landfall on Madagascar in 2022 after Ana and Batsirai.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclone Gombe</span> South-West Indian Ocean cyclone in 2022

Tropical Cyclone Gombe was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Mozambique. It became the first storm to make a major landfall in Nampula Province in Mozambique since Cyclone Jokwe in 2008. The eighth tropical storm, fourth tropical cyclone and fourth intense tropical cyclone of the 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, Gombe originated from a tropical disturbance located off the coast of Madagascar. This area of convection was designated by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center as Invest 97S on 6 March. The next day, it began to slowly move westward and executed a loop as it became more organized, which prompted Météo-France Reunion (MFR) to note the system as Zone of Disturbed Weather 09. The system became a depression on 9 March, and became a moderate tropical storm the same day. Soon after being named, Gombe made landfall in Madagascar, and entered in the Mozambique Channel the next day. The storm continued its westward motion while slowly intensifying, and was upgraded to a Tropical Cyclone by the MFR on 10 March. Closing in on Nampula Province, the storm underwent rapid intensification, and was upgraded to the fourth Intense Tropical Cyclone of the year and reached its peak intensity on 11 march, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 960 hectopascals (28 inHg). The storm proceeded to make landfall, and quickly lost its convection over land. On 12 March, Gombe degenerated into a remnant low overland. However, the system subsequently turned southeastward and reemerged over water, before briefly regenerating into a tropical depression on 17 March. Gombe dissipated later that day.

References

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  3. 1 2 3 4 Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. Chapter 4 — Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (1994 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. p. 246. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  4. "Donnees De Nadia" (in French). Météo-France. 2004. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  5. Jane Scobie (1996). Mitigating the Millennium. Intermediate Technology. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-7881-7465-0 . Retrieved 26 August 2012.
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  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs (1994). Mozambique: Cyclone Mar 1994 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 - 8 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  9. Jack Beven. "Tropical Cyclone Weekly Summary #138 (March 20 - 27, 1994)" . Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  10. Kenya News Agency (5 April 1994). "Ships damaged by Cyclone Nadia threaten to pollute Bay of Nacala". British Broadcasting Corporation.
  11. OFDA Annual Report FY 1994 (PDF) (Report). Office of United States Foreign Disaster Assistance. p. 28. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 International Organisation for Migration (1996). Health impact of large post-conflict migratory movements: The experience of Mozambique (PDF) (Report). p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  13. "Natural Disasters in Africa". International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher. 2004. p. 239. ISBN   978-1-4020-2850-2 . Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  14. "World Bank credit to Mozambique formalised". Agence France-Presse. 21 June 1994.
  15. "Fishing industry exports decline in 1994". British Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 1995.
Intense Tropical Cyclone Nadia
Nadia Mar 22 1994 0330Z.png
Cyclone Nadia near peak intensity on 22 March