Dynactin subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN2 gene. [4] [5]
Dynactin subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN2 gene. [4] [5]
This gene encodes a 50-kD subunit of dynactin, a macromolecular complex consisting of 23 subunits (11 individual proteins ranging in size from 22 to 150 kD). [6] The subunit is commonly referred to as p50 or dynamitin. [4] Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. It is involved in a diverse array of cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. This subunit is present in four copies per dynactin molecule. It contains three short alpha-helical coiled-coil domains that bind to two copies of p150-glued (DCTN1) and two copies of p24 (DCTN3) to form the dynactin shoulder domain. [6]
Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells. They convert the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work. Dynein transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. All of these functions rely on dynein's ability to move towards the minus-end of the microtubules, known as retrograde transport; thus, they are called "minus-end directed motors". In contrast, most kinesin motor proteins move toward the microtubules' plus-end, in what is called anterograde transport.
A kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term kinetochore has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932.
Dynactin subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN1 gene.
Golgin subfamily A member 2, also known as 130 kDa cis-Golgi matrix protein 1 (GM130) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA2 gene.
AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1G1 gene.
Dynactin is a 23 subunit protein complex that acts as a co-factor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein-1. It is built around a short filament of actin related protein-1 (Arp1).
Tubulin alpha-4A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TUBA4A gene.
General vesicular transport factor p115 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USO1 gene.
Alpha-centractin (yeast) or ARP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACTR1A gene.
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNC1H1 gene.
Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 (GORASP1) also known as Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GORASP1 gene.
MARCKS-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MARCKSL1 gene.
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate chain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNC1I2 gene.
Centromere/kinetochore protein zw10 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZW10 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is one of many involved in mechanisms to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. The encoded protein binds to centromeres during the prophase, metaphase, and early anaphase cell division stages and to kinetochore microtubules during metaphase.
Bicaudal D cargo adaptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BICD2 gene.
Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 55 kDa (GRASP55) also known as golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 (GORASP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GORASP2 gene. It was identified by its homology with GRASP65 and the protein's amino acid sequence was determined by analysis of a molecular clone of its complementary DNA. The first (N-terminus) 212 amino acid residues of GRASP55 are highly homologous to those of GRASP65, but the remainder of the 454 amino acid residues are highly diverged from GRASP65. The conserved region is known as the GRASP domain, and it is conserved among GRASPs of a wide variety of eukaryotes, but not plants. The C-terminus portion of the molecule is called the SPR domain. GRASP55 is more closely related to homologues in other species, suggesting that GRASP55 is ancestral to GRASP65. GRASP55 is found associated with the medial and trans cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.
Kinesin-like protein KIF3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF3B gene. KIF3B is an N-type protein that complexes with two other kinesin proteins to form two-headed anterograde motors. First, KIF3B forms a heterodimer with KIF3A ; (KIF3A/3B), that is membrane-bound and has ATPase activity. Then KIFAP3 binds to the tail domain to form a heterotrimeric motor. This motor has a plus end-directed microtubule sliding activity that exhibits a velocity of ~0.3 μm/s a. There are 14 kinesin protein families in the kinesin superfamily and KIF3B is part of the Kinesin-2 family, of kinesins that can all form heterotrimeric complexes. Expression of the three motor subunits is ubiquitous. The KIG3A/3B/KAP3 motors can transport 90 to 160 nm in diameter organelles.
Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COG3 gene.
Dynactin subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCTN3 gene.
In molecular biology, DCTN6 is that subunit of the dynactin protein complex that is encoded by the p27 gene. Dynactin is the essential component for microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor activity in intracellular transport of a variety of cargoes and organelles.
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