Dallas Equal Suffrage Association

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Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
AbbreviationDESA
SuccessorDallas League of Women Voters
FormationMarch 15, 1913
DissolvedOctober 1919
Type Non governmental organization
PurposeWomen's suffrage
Officers of the Dallas Equal Suffrage League (1918) Officers of the Dallas Equal Suffrage League were first to enroll for the Primaries (1918).png
Officers of the Dallas Equal Suffrage League (1918)

The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) was an organization formed in Dallas, Texas in 1913 to support the cause of women's suffrage in Texas. DESA was different from many other suffrage organizations in the United States in that it adopted a campaign which matched the social expectations of Dallas at the time. [1] Members of DESA were very aware of the risk of having women's suffrage "dismissed as 'unladylike' and generally disreputable." [2] DESA "took care to project an appropriate public image." [3] Many members used their status as mothers in order to tie together the ideas of motherhood and suffrage in the minds of voters. [4] The second president of DESA, Erwin Armstrong, also affirmed that women were not trying to be unfeminine, stating at an address at a 1914 Suffrage convention that "women are in no way trying to usurp the powers of men, or by any means striving to wrench from man the divine right to rule." [5] The organization also helped smaller, nearby towns to create their own suffrage campaigns. [6] DESA was primarily committed to securing the vote for white women, deliberately ignoring African American women in the process. [7] Their defense of ignoring black voters was justified by having a policy of working towards "only one social reform at a time." [8]

Contents

History

The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association had its beginnings on March 15, 1913, when forty-three women from socially elite white families gathered in a private home. [9] Many of the women involved were second-generation suffragists and many had been campaigners for social and health improvements. [10] Margaret Bell Houston, published author and daughter of Sam Houston, Jr., was elected the organization's first president. [9] The second president of DESA was wealthy widow and Mary Hardin–Baylor alumnus Erwin Armstrong, [11] who visited New York and New Jersey in order to gather ideas about conducting successful suffragist campaigns. [12]

DESA hosted the Texas State Women's Suffrage Convention in April 1914. [13] Beginning in October 1913, the Dallas organization had started sponsoring annual suffrage events at each year's Texas State Fair, [14] the most successful of which took place on October 23, 1915, when they hosted delegates from other cities. [14] The delegates rode in an "automobile parade to the fairgrounds" and spoke to people from the platforms of their cars. [14] On "Traveling Salesman Day", which had 112,300 recorded visitors, DESA members also convinced the day's honorees to wear a "bright yellow 'Votes for Women' badge" as they toured exhibitions at the fair. [15] [14] They again hosted a suffrage event in 1916 with nationally recognized suffragists such as Elizabeth Freeman of New York and Florence Cotham of Little Rock. [16]

By 1917, the organization was 600 members strong, many of whom were helping to support the effort in World War I. [17] In spite of member requests to disband the organization and donate all its funds to the war efforts, the DESA remained intact, with its members broadening their patriotic endeavors. [18] On April 10, Dallas suffragists took part in the "Dallas Patriotic Parade" hoisting a large sign proclaiming "Men of America, We Will Do Our Share", which help build support for their cause. [19] That same year, they produced a fund-raising musical comedy stage production in January called The Polynesian Princess. [20] Featuring popular music and entertainment, it helped the DESA raise $800. [20] For three days in March 1917, the DESA conducted the "Suffrage School" sponsored by the National Equal Suffrage Association, meant to educate the public about the benefits of women's suffrage. [21]

The DESA's goal of votes for women was beginning to see substantive support in 1918 from both corporate entities and Texas political leaders. [17] Suffragist Nona Mahoney of the DESA targeted the outspoken opposition, visiting with Texas State Representative Barry Miller in February. She elicited a promise of support from him if she presented him with a petition supporting House Bill 105 ("Granting Women the Right to Vote in all Primary Elections and Nominating Conventions in Texas"), [22] signed by no less than 5,000 Dallas County women. [17] DESA came up with 10,000 signatures and Miller changed his position, even going on to chair legislative caucus overseeing the issue. [23] HB 105 was signed into law on March 26, 1918, giving Texas women the partial right to vote, that is, only at political party conventions and in primary elections. [24] The bill was unique because it had been signed into law as an "emergency measure", but was not in effect until three months later. That gave suffragists only 18 days to register women voters by the state registration deadline of July 11. [24] DESA created a strong campaign to register women voters, going back to the women who had signed the petition, and fanning out through schools and neighborhoods. [24] Among the registrants was someone who said that "she had lived for this day since the Civil War." [24] In the era of racial segregation, it was up to local interpretation of which women could resister to vote. In Dallas, 100 black women were denied registration by the Dallas County sheriff's office; in Waxahachie it took a court ruling to allow black women to register; in Houston there was no issue. [8] Eventually, 16,816 women in Dallas County were registered. [24] White women's votes determined the gubernatorial primary election of 1918, with women voting for Hobby "by a margin of ten to one." [8]

In 1919, Mahoney was elected president of the DESA. [25] She was present that year when Governor, William P. Hobby, signed the February 5 voter referendum for the constitutional state amendment authorizing full suffrage for women. Present at that signing was also Minnie Fisher Cunningham, the president of the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA). [25] Both women received gold pens the governor had used. The referendum for the suffrage amendment was scheduled for vote on May 24, 1919 and the DESA mounted a "well-organized campaign" in favor of the amendment. [8] Support for the amendment was strong, at around 60 percent of voters in favor, in Dallas, even though the amendment was eventually defeated. [8] Mahoney "blamed the vote of foreign-born citizens, chiefly Germans" for the defeat of the amendment. [26] Though a state amendment didn't pass, on June 28, 1919, Texas became the first southern state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that gave women the right to vote nationwide. [27] [28]

The contributions of DESA affected the opinions of women who were not members of the organization, some of whom marched in the Patriotic Parade or convinced men to vote for women's suffrage. [29] DESA eventually merged with the League of Women Voters in October 1919. [30] [31]

Notable members

Related Research Articles

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Womens suffrage in Texas

Women's suffrage in Texas was a long term fight starting in 1868 at the first Texas Constitutional Convention. In both Constitutional Conventions and subsequent legislative sessions, efforts to provide women the right to vote were introduced, only to be defeated. Early Texas suffragists such as Martha Goodwin Tunstall and Mariana Thompson Folsom worked with national suffrage groups in the 1870s and 1880s. It wasn't until 1893 and the creation of the Texas Equal Rights Association (TERA) by Rebecca Henry Hayes of Galveston that Texas had a statewide women's suffrage organization. Members of TERA lobbied politicians and political party conventions on women's suffrage. Due to an eventual lack of interest and funding, TERA was inactive by 1898. In 1903, women's suffrage organizing was revived by Annette Finnigan and her sisters. These women created the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA) in Houston in 1903. TESA sponsored women's suffrage speakers and testified on women's suffrage in front of the Texas Legislature. In 1908 and 1912, speaking tours by Anna Howard Shaw helped further renew interest in women's suffrage in Texas. TESA grew in size and suffragists organized more public events, including Suffrage Day at the Texas State Fair. By 1915, more and more women in Texas were supporting women's suffrage. The Texas Federation of Women's Clubs officially supported women's suffrage in 1915. Also that year, anti-suffrage opponents started to speak out against women's suffrage and in 1916, organized the Texas Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (TAOWS). TESA, under the political leadership of Minnie Fisher Cunningham and with the support of Governor William P. Hobby, suffragists began to make further gains in achieving their goals. In 1918, women achieved the right to vote in Texas primary elections. During the registration drive, 386,000 Texas women signed up during a 17-day period. An attempt to modify the Texas Constitution by voter referendum failed in May 1919, but in June 1919, the United States Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment. Texas became the ninth state and the first Southern state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment on June 28, 1919. This allowed white women to vote, but African American women still had trouble voting, with many turned away, depending on their communities. In 1923, Texas created white primaries, excluding all Black people from voting in the primary elections. The white primaries were overturned in 1944 and in 1964, Texas's poll tax was abolished. In 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed, promising that all people in Texas had the right to vote, regardless of race or gender.

Timeline of womens suffrage in Texas

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Texas. Women's suffrage was brought up in Texas at the first state constitutional convention, which began in 1868. However, there was a lack of support for the proposal at the time to enfranchise women. Women continued to fight for the right to vote in the state. In 1918, women gained the right to vote in Texas primary elections. The Texas legislature ratified the 19th amendment on June 29, 1919, becoming the ninth state and the first Southern state to ratify the amendment. While white women had secured the vote, Black women still struggled to vote in Texas. In 1944, white primaries were declared unconstitutional. Poll taxes were outlawed in 1964 and the Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965, fully enfranchising Black women voters.

Womens suffrage in Ohio

Women's suffrage in Ohio was an ongoing fight with some small victories along the way. Women's rights issues in Ohio were put into the public eye in the early 1850s. Women inspired by the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention created newspapers and then set up their own conventions, including the 1950 Ohio Women's Rights Convention which was the first women's right's convention outside of New York and the first that was planned and run solely by women. These early efforts towards women's suffrage affected people in other states and helped energize the women's suffrage movement in Ohio. Women's rights groups formed throughout the state, with the Ohio Women's Rights Association (OWRA) founded in 1853. Other local women's suffrage groups are formed in the late 1860s. In 1894, women won the right to vote in school board elections in Ohio. The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was headquartered for a time in Warren, Ohio. Two efforts to vote on a constitutional amendment, one in 1912 and the other 1914 were unsuccessful, but drew national attention to women's suffrage. In 1916, women in East Cleveland gained the right to vote in municipal elections. A year later, women in Lakewood, Ohio and Columbus were given the right to vote in municipal elections. Also in 1917, the Reynolds Bill, which would allow women to vote in the next presidential election was passed, and then quickly repealed by a voter referendum sponsored by special-interest groups. On June 16, 1919, Ohio became the fifth state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.

Womens suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)

Women's suffrage in Georgia received a slow start, with the first women's suffrage group, the Georgia Woman Suffrage Association (GWSA) formed in 1892 by Helen Augusta Howard. Over time, the group, which focused on "taxation without representation" grew and earned the support of both men and women. Howard convinced the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to hold their first convention outside of Washington, D. C. in 1895. The convention, held in Atlanta, was the first large women's rights gathering in the Southern United States. GWSA continued to hold conventions and raise awareness over the next years. Suffragists in Georgia agitated for suffrage amendments, for political parties to support white women's suffrage and for municipal suffrage. In the 1910s, more organizations were formed in Georgia and the number of suffragists grew. In addition, the Georgia Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage also formed an organized anti-suffrage campaign. Suffragists participated in parades, supported bills in the legislature and helped in the war effort during World War I. In 1917 and 1919, women earned the right to vote in primary elections in Waycross, Georgia and in Atlanta respectively. In 1919, after the Nineteenth Amendment went out to the states for ratification, Georgia became the first state to reject the amendment. When the Nineteenth Amendment became the law of the land, women still had to wait to vote because of rules regarding voter registration. White Georgia women would vote statewide in 1922. Native American women and African-American women had to wait longer to vote. Black women were actively excluded from the women's suffrage movement in the state and had their own organizations. Despite their work to vote, Black women faced discrimination at the polls in many different forms. Georgia finally ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on February 20, 1970.

Womens suffrage in Alabama

Women's suffrage in Alabama went through several stages. Early women's suffrage work in Alabama started in the 1860s. Priscilla Holmes Drake was the driving force behind suffrage work until the 1890s. Several suffrage groups were formed, including a state suffrage group, the Alabama Woman Suffrage Organization (AWSO). The Alabama Constitution had a convention in 1901 and suffragists spoke and lobbied for women's rights provisions. However, the final constitution continued to exclude women. Women's suffrage efforts were mainly dormant until the 1910s when new suffrage groups were formed. Suffragists in Alabama worked to get a state amendment ratified and when this failed, got behind the push for a federal amendment. Alabama did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1953. For many years, both white women and African American women were disenfranchised by poll taxes. Black women had other barriers to voting including literacy tests and intimidation. Black women would not be able to fully access their right to vote until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Womens suffrage in Delaware

Women's suffrage in Delaware began in the late 1860s, with efforts from suffragist, Mary Ann Sorden Stuart, and an 1869 women's rights convention held in Wilmington, Delaware. Stuart, along with prominent national suffragists lobbied the Delaware General Assembly to amend the state constitution in favor of women's suffrage. Several suffrage groups were formed early on, but the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) formed in 1896, would become one of the major state suffrage clubs. Suffragists held conventions, continued to lobby the government and grow their movement. In 1913, a chapter of the Congressional Union (CU), which would later be known at the National Women's Party (NWP), was set up by Mabel Vernon in Delaware. NWP advocated more militant tactics to agitate for women's suffrage. These included picketing and setting watchfires. The Silent Sentinels protested in Washington, D.C. and were arrested for "blocking traffic." Sixteen women from Delaware, including Annie Arniel and Florence Bayard Hilles, were among those who were arrested. During World War I, both African-American and white suffragists in Delaware aided the war effort. During the ratification process for the Nineteenth Amendment, Delaware was in the position to become the final state needed to complete ratification. A huge effort went into persuading the General Assembly to support the amendment. Suffragists and anti-suffragists alike campaigned in Dover, Delaware for their cause. However, Delaware did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until March 6, 1923, well after it was already part of the United States Constitution.

Timeline of womens suffrage in Delaware

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware. Suffragists in Delaware began to fight for women's suffrage in the late 1860s. Mary Ann Sorden Stuart and national suffragists lobbied the Delaware General Assembly for women's suffrage. In 1896, the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) was formed. Annual state suffrage conventions were held. There were also numerous attempts to pass an equal suffrage amendment to the Delaware State Constitution, but none were successful. In 1913, a state chapter of the Congressional Union (CU) was opened by Mabel Vernon. Delaware suffragists are involved in more militant tactics, including taking part of the Silent Sentinels. On March, 22, 1920, Delaware had a special session of the General Assembly to consider ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It was not ratified by Delaware until 1923.

Womens suffrage in Maine

While women's suffrage in Maine had an early start, dating back to the 1850s, it was a long, slow road to equal suffrage. Early suffragists brought speakers Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone to the state in the mid-1850s. Ann F. Jarvis Greely and other women in Ellsworth, Maine, created a women's rights lecture series in 1857. The first women's suffrage petition to the Maine Legislature was also sent that year. Working-class women began marching for women's suffrage in the 1860s. The Snow sisters created the first Maine women's suffrage organization, the Equal Rights Association of Rockland, in 1868. In the 1870s, a state suffrage organization, the Maine Women's Suffrage Association (MWSA), was formed. Many petitions for women's suffrage were sent to the state legislature. MWSA and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) of Maine worked closely together on suffrage issues. By the late 1880s the state legislature was considering several women's suffrage bills. While women's suffrage did not pass, during the 1890s many women's rights laws were secured. During the 1900s, suffragists in Maine continued to campaign and lecture on women's suffrage. Several suffrage organizations including a Maine chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League and the Men's Equal Rights League were formed in the 1910s. Florence Brooks Whitehouse started the Maine chapter of the National Woman's Party (NWP) in 1915. Suffragists and other clubwomen worked together on a large campaign for a 1917 voter referendum on women's suffrage. Despite the efforts of women around the state, women's suffrage failed. Going into the next few years, a women's suffrage referendum on voting in presidential elections was placed on the September 13, 1920 ballot. But before that vote, Maine ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on November 5, 1920. It was the nineteenth state to ratify. A few weeks after ratification, MWSA dissolved and formed the League of Women Voters (LWV) of Maine. White women first voted in Maine on September 13, 1920. Native Americans in Maine had to wait longer to vote. In 1924, they became citizens of the United States. However, Maine would not allow individuals living on Indian reservations to vote. It was not until the passage of a 1954 equal rights referendum that Native Americans gained the right to vote in Maine. In 1955 Lucy Nicolar Poolaw (Penobscot) was the first Native American living on a reservation in Maine to cast a vote.

Timeline of womens suffrage in Arkansas

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas. Early suffrage efforts date back to 1868 when Miles Ledford Langley tries to add a women's suffrage law in the state constitutional convention. The first women's suffrage organization in the state was created by Lizzie Dorman Fyler in 1881 and lasts until 1885. Another suffrage group is started in 1888 by Clara McDiarmid. Women's suffrage work continues steadily, though slowed down until the 1910s. New suffrage organizations began to form and campaigned for women's suffrage legislation. In 1917, women earned the right to vote in state primary elections. In May of 1918 between 40,000 and 50,000 voted for the first time in Arkansas' primaries. On July 28, 1919 Arkansas ratified the Nineteenth Amendment. On December 3, 1919 the League of Women Voters (LWV) of Arkansas was formed.

Womens suffrage in Colorado

Women's suffrage in Colorado had an early victory, being the second state to grant women's suffrage and the first to do so through a voter referendum in 1893. Even while Colorado was a territory, lawmakers and other leaders tried to include women's suffrage in laws and later in the state constitution. The constitution did give women the right to vote in school board elections. The first voter referendum campaign was held in 1877. The Woman Suffrage Association of Colorado worked to encourage people to vote yes. Nationally-known suffragists, such as Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone spoke alongside Colorado's own Alida Avery around the state. Despite the efforts to influence voters, the referendum failed. Suffragists continued to grow support for women's right to vote. They exercised their right to vote in school board elections and ran for office. In 1893, another campaign for women's suffrage took place. Both Black and white suffragists worked to influence voters, gave speeches, and turned out on election day in a last-minute push. The effort was successful and women earned equal suffrage. After gaining the right to vote, Colorado women continued to fight for suffrage in other states. Some women became members of the Congressional Union (CU) and pushed for a federal suffrage amendment. Colorado women also used their right to vote to pass reforms in the state and to support women candidates. Despite the early wins for most women in Colorado, many Native American women were unable to exercise their rights until 1970, and for members of the Ute tribe, well into the 90s.

Timeline of womens suffrage in Pennsylvania

This is a timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania. Activists in the state began working towards women's rights in the early 1850s, when two women's rights conventions discussed women's suffrage. A statewide group, the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association (PWSA), was formed in 1869. Other regional groups were formed throughout the state over the years. Suffragists in Pittsburgh created the "Pittsburgh Plan" in 1911. In 1915, a campaign to influence voters to support women's suffrage on the November 2 referendum took place. Despite these efforts, the referendum failed. On June 24, 1919, Pennsylvania became the seventh state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment. Pennsylvania women voted for the first time on November 2, 1920.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 818.
  2. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 823.
  3. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 830.
  4. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 837.
  5. ↑ "Suffrage Convention Convenes at Dallas". Wichita Daily Times. April 9, 1914. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Plan Suffrage Campaign Throughout North Texas". Wichita Daily Times. December 30, 1914. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  7. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 828.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Enstam 2001, p. 36.
  9. 1 2 3 Enstam 2001, p. 31.
  10. ↑ Enstam 1998, p. 157.
  11. ↑ Enstam 1998, p. 158.
  12. ↑ "Dallas Suffragettes Planning Fall Campaign". Wichita Daily Times. September 1, 1915. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  13. ↑ "Texas Suffs to Meet". The Houston Post. April 8, 1914. Retrieved May 21, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Enstam 2001, p. 32.
  15. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 822.
  16. ↑ "Suffragists Organizing". Corsicana Daily Sun. February 3, 1916. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  17. 1 2 3 Enstam 2001, p. 34.
  18. ↑ Enstam 1998, p. 163.
  19. ↑ Enstam 2002, p. 839.
  20. 1 2 Enstam 2002, p. 831.
  21. ↑ "Dallas Now Has Suffrage School". The Eagle. March 1, 1917. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "HB 105, 35th 4th Called Session". Legislative Reference Library of Texas. State of Texas. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  23. ↑ Enstam 2001, pp. 34–35.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Enstam 2001, p. 35.
  25. 1 2 Enstam, Elizabeth York (June 15, 2010). "Mahoney, Nona Boren". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Special to the Courier-Journal". The Courier-Journal. May 29, 1919. Retrieved May 23, 2016– via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ Humphrey, Janet G. "Texas Equal Suffrage Association". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Timeline". Women in Texas History. The Ruthe Winegarten Memorial Foundation for Texas Women's History. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  29. ↑ Enstam 1998, p. 167.
  30. ↑ "Historical Plaque Honors Dallas 'Suffragettes'". League of Women Voters Dallas. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  31. ↑ Awbrey, Betty Dooley; Awbrey, Stuart (2013). Why Stop?: A Guide to Texas Roadside Historical Markers (6th ed.). Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 126. ISBN   9781589797895.
  32. ↑ Malone, Edith Eunice Wilmans (June 15, 2010). "Wilmans, Edith Eunice Therrel". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved May 22, 2016.

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