Daniel Amen

Last updated
Daniel Amen
Daniel Amen.jpg
Daniel Amen.
Born
Daniel Gregory Amen

(1954-07-19) July 19, 1954 (age 69)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Education University of Maryland, West Germany
Orange Coast College
Vanguard University (BA)
Oral Roberts University (MD)
Occupation(s)Psychiatrist, researcher, author
Website amenclinics.com

Daniel Gregory Amen (born July 19, 1954) [1] is an American celebrity doctor [1] who practices as a psychiatrist [2] and brain disorder specialist [3] as director of the Amen Clinics. [4] He is a five-time New York Times best-selling author as of 2012. [5]

Contents

Amen has built a profitable business around the use of SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging for diagnostic purposes. [6] His marketing of SPECT scans and much of what he says about the brain and health in his books, media appearances, and marketing of his clinics have been condemned by scientists and doctors as lacking scientific validity and as being unethical, especially since the way SPECT is used in his clinics exposes people to harmful radiation with no clear benefit. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Amen has studied brain injuries affecting professional athletes [3] and has consulted on post-concussion issues for the National Football League. [11]

Early life and education

Daniel Amen was born in Encino, California, in July 1954 to American-born Lebanese parents. [1] After attending the University of Maryland, West Germany Campus from 1974 to 1975, he went to Orange Coast College, where he received an AA degree in 1976. [12] He subsequently obtained a BA degree in biology from Southern California College (now Vanguard University) in 1978, [13] and an MD degree from Oral Roberts University School of Medicine in 1982. [14] [15] Amen did his general psychiatric training at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C., [15] and his child and adolescent psychiatry training at Tripler Army Medical Center in Honolulu. [15] Amen is board certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology in Psychiatry, with a subspecialty in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [16]

Career in business

Amen is the chief executive officer and medical director of the twelve Amen Clinics. [1] [15]

SPECT scanning

Amen's practices use single-photon emission computed tomography, or SPECT, scans of brain activity in an attempt to compare the activity of a person's brain to a known healthy model.[ citation needed ] Amen prescribes both medication and non-medicative courses of treatment, depending on the case. He also performs before-and-after SPECT scans, which claim to assess the effectiveness of treatment. [17] Amen's clinics claim to have the world's largest database of functional brain scans for neuropsychiatry. [15] As of 2009, Amen said he had scanned 50,000 people at an estimated cost of $170 million. [18]

John Seibyl of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging has stated that it is settled that SPECT is of no value for diagnosing psychological disorders. [19] A 2012 review by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) found that neuroimaging studies "have yet to impact significantly the diagnosis or treatment of individual patients." [20] The review also states that neuroimaging studies "do not provide sufficient specificity and sensitivity to accurately classify individual cases with respect to the presence of a psychiatric illness." [20] The APA has concluded that "the available evidence does not support the use of brain imaging for clinical diagnosis or treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents." [21] According to cognitive neuroscience researcher Martha Farah and psychologist S. J. Gillihan, "[t]he lack of empirical validation has led to widespread condemnation of diagnostic SPECT as premature and unproven." [10]

Ethics of SPECT scanning

Questions have been raised about the ethics of selling SPECT scans on the basis of unproven claims: neuroscience professor Martha Farah calls such use "profitable but unproven" and says, "Tens of thousands of individuals, many of them children, have been exposed to the radiation of two SPECT scans and paid thousands of dollars out of pocket (because insurers will not pay) against the advice of many experts". [7] Professor of psychology Irving Kirsch has said of Amen's theory: "Before you start promulgating this and marketing it and profiting from it, you should ethically be bound to demonstrate it scientifically in a peer-reviewed, respected journal", as otherwise, "you're just going down the path of being a snake oil salesman". [1] In a 2011 paper, neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee discussed example cases that were found on the Amen Clinic's website, including a couple with marital difficulties and a child with impulsive aggression. The paper noted that the examples "violate the standard of care" because a normal clinical diagnosis would have been sufficient and that there "was no reason to obtain functional neuroimaging for diagnostic purposes in these cases." [18] Most patients do not realize that the SPECT scans rely on unproven claims. [6] In 2021, Steven Hyman, director of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, stated, "people who are desperate are vulnerable to snake oil, and this has all of the look and feel of a clinic that's preying on people's desperation." [22] [23]

An initial evaluation with SPECT at Amen's clinics cost about $4,000 in 2020. [24] As reported by The Washington Post in 2012, officials at major psychiatric and neuroscience associations and research centers see Amen's claims for the use of SPECT as "no more than myth and poppycock, buffaloing an unsuspecting public." [1]

Work for athletes

One of Amen's clinics provides brain scans for current and former National Football League players. [11] [25] Amen made the initial diagnosis of brain damage in NFL kicker Tom Dempsey. [3] During medical examinations and scans, Amen found three holes in Dempsey's brain, along with other damage. [3] He has also provided diagnosis and therapy for hockey player Paul Kariya, related to his concussion issues; Amen advised Kariya to retire as a professional, which he did. [3] [11]

Dietary supplements

Amen's websites market vitamin supplements and a branded range of other dietary supplements. [8] These supplements have been promoted for a number of purported health benefits, including a claimed ability to prevent or stop Alzheimer's disease. There is, however, no known benefit from taking such supplements except for specific substance deficiencies. [26] [27] Neurologist Robert Burton has written that he was "just appalled" by the things offered for sale on Amen's "big business" websites, [8] and Harriet Hall has said that Amen prescribes "inadequately tested natural remedies" and "irrational mixtures of nutritional diet supplements" as part of his treatment. [28]

Career in media

Writing

Amen's first book, Change Your Brain, Change Your Life, was published in 1999 and unexpectedly reached The New York Times best seller list after selling tens of thousands of copies in the first year. Publishers Weekly noted that the book "apparently struck a nerve with readers who love a 'scientific' hook." [29] [30]

In his book Making a Good Brain Great, he provided his analysis and recommendations for brain improvement purported to enhance a person's overall happiness and ability. For example, he suggested that hobbies which challenge the brain are important to ensure a happy life, as he believes they force the brain to learn and evolve over time. [31] Davi Thornton characterized the book as consisting of "commonplace recommendations for self-improvement." [29]

Healing the Hardware of the Soul, written by Amen in 2008, was reviewed in the American Journal of Psychiatry by Andrew Leuchter. "Dr. Amen makes a good case for the use of brain imaging to explain and medicalize mental disorders", Leuchter said. "However, the reader who has any degree of familiarity with mental illness and brain science is left unconvinced that his [Amen's] highly commercialized use of scanning is justified." Leuchter concluded that Amen "has not subjected his treatment approaches to the level of systematic scientific scrutiny expected for scientifically based medical practice." [32]

In Amen's The Brain in Love, he described the brain activity that occurs during chanting meditation as similar to that which takes place during the feeling of love and sexual activity. [33]

In 2013, Amen co-authored with pastor Rick Warren The Daniel Plan: 40 Days to a Healthier Life, on "how to lead a healthy life". [34] Amen was one of the people—others included Mark Hyman and Mehmet Oz—that Warren recruited to help devise the program. [35] Warren encouraged adoption of the plan by all member churches in his network of Saddleback churches. [36] According to Janice Norris, "The Daniel Plan is...more than a diet. It is a lifestyle program based on biblical principles and five essential components: food, fitness, focus, faith, and friends." [37] Amen, Warren, and Hyman appeared on the television show The View to discuss the Daniel Plan, and 3,000 people came to a rally at Saddleback Church in Lake Forest, California, to hear the three talk about the plan. [38] [39]

In 2013, Amen released an updated version of Healing ADD from the Inside Out: The Breakthrough Program That Allows You to See and Heal the Seven Types of Attention Deficit Disorder. [40]

In 2017, Amen and his wife, Tana, published The Brain Warrior's Way: Ignite Your Energy and Focus, Attack Illness and Aging, Transform Pain into Purpose, which Harriet Hall reviewed; she wrote: "Much of the advice in this book is mainstream medical advice, and there are helpful practical hints like putting your food on a smaller plate and not shopping for food when you are hungry. The problem is that the good advice is inextricably mixed with false information and misleading statements, and with detailed recommendations that are not supported by science." [9]

Television programs

Amen has produced television programs about his theories. One of them, "Change Your Brain, Change Your Life", was aired by PBS affiliates 1,300 times in 2008 during fund-raising drives. [8] Another, "Magnificent Mind at Any Age with Dr. Daniel Amen", was aired before January 1, 2009. [26] Neurologist Michael Greicius, director of the Stanford Center for Memory Disorders and principal investigator of the Functional Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Laboratory at Stanford, stated, "The PBS airing of Amen's program provides a stamp of scientific validity to work which has no scientific validity." [8] [41] These programs have been described as infomercials for Amen's clinics. The program's depiction of the "wonders of ginkgo and other 'natural' products such as St. John's wort." was also criticized. [8] [26] Alternative-medicine skeptic and physician Harriet A. Hall and neurologist Robert A. Burton criticized PBS for the airing of these programs. [8] [28] Michael Getler, the PBS ombudsman, replied that "PBS had nothing to do with the 'Brain' program's content and did not vet the program in any way." Local PBS affiliates "make their own editorial decisions based on their own guidelines about what to air", he wrote. [28] [42]

Reception of ideas

In 2012, The Washington Post Magazine ran a cover story titled "Daniel Amen is the most popular psychiatrist in America. To most researchers and scientists, that's a very bad thing." The Washington Post detailed Amen's lack of acceptance among the scientific community and his monetary conflict of interest. [1] Journalist Sanjiv Bhattacharya wrote that Amen's critics likened him "to a self-help guru rather than a scientist, on account of all the books, DVDs and nutritional supplements which he hawks so shamelessly on infomercials" and that Amen was "the most controversial psychiatrist in America [who] may also be the most commercially successful." [19] Amen has responded to such criticism by claiming that the criticism comes from jealousy of his financial success and also claiming that his largest source of referrals is from previous patients. [19]

In 2008, Tufts professor and writer Daniel Carlat published an article on Amen's use of SPECT imaging. [43] After visiting Amen's clinics, Carlat called Amen's interpretations of the scans "spectacularly meaningless". [1]

Memberships and recognition

Amen is a Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. [1] [44] He has also been an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry and human behavior at the University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine. [15]

Amen is the author of more than 30 books, with combined sales of about one million copies. [1] [19] Five of his books have been The New York Times bestsellers as of 2012. [5] In 2015, Amen's The Daniel Plan received the Christian Book of the Year Award. [45]

Selected publications

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neurology</span> Medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system

Neurology is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience, the scientific study of the nervous system.

A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in psychiatry. Psychiatrists are physicians and evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental ailments or strictly mental issues. Sometimes a psychiatrist works within a multi-disciplinary team, which may comprise clinical psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, and nursing staff. Psychiatrists have broad training in a biopsychosocial approach to the assessment and management of mental illness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience</span> Research institution in London, England

The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) is a leading centre for mental health and neuroscience research, education and training in Europe. It is dedicated to understanding, preventing and treating mental illness, neurological conditions, and other conditions that affect the brain. The IoPPN is a faculty of King's College London, England, and was previously known as the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP).

Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered "as an emergent property of the brain", whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. Those disciplines are typically practiced separately.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neuroimaging</span> Set of techniques to measure and visualize aspects of the nervous system

Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative (computational) techniques to study the structure and function of the central nervous system, developed as an objective way of scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. Increasingly it is also being used for quantitative research studies of brain disease and psychiatric illness. Neuroimaging is highly multidisciplinary involving neuroscience, computer science, psychology and statistics, and is not a medical specialty. Neuroimaging is sometimes confused with neuroradiology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UBC Hospital</span> Hospital in British Columbia, Canada

UBC Hospital is a teaching hospital located on the University Endowment Lands in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It opened in 1968, and is now operated by Vancouver Coastal Health.

Cordance, a measure of brain activity, is a quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) method, developed in Los Angeles in the 1990s. It combines complementary information from absolute and relative power of EEG spectra.

Geriatric psychiatry, also known as geropsychiatry, psychogeriatrics or psychiatry of old age, is a branch of medicine and a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of neurodegenerative, cognitive impairment, and mental disorders in people of old age. Geriatric psychiatry as a subspecialty has significant overlap with the specialties of geriatric medicine, behavioural neurology, neuropsychiatry, neurology, and general psychiatry. Geriatric psychiatry has become an official subspecialty of psychiatry with a defined curriculum of study and core competencies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amen Clinics</span> Group of health clinics

Amen Clinics is a group of mental and physical health clinics that work on the treatment of mood and behavior disorders. It was founded in 1989 by Daniel G. Amen, a self-help guru and psychiatrist. The clinics perform clinical evaluations and brain SPECT imaging to diagnose and treat their patients. Amen Clinics uses SPECT scans, a type of brain-imaging technology, to measure neural activity through blood flow. It has a database of more than 100,000 functional brain scans from patients in 111 countries.

The Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry is a scientific institute based in the city of Munich in Germany specializing in psychiatry. Currently directed by Elisabeth Binder and Alon Chen, it is one of the 81 institutes in the Max Planck Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychiatry</span> Branch of medicine devoted to mental disorders

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deleterious mental conditions. These include various matters related to mood, behaviour, cognition, perceptions, and emotions.

Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of mental illnesses with a particular emphasis on the genetic and neurophysiological basis of clinical psychology. Biological psychopathology attempts to explain psychiatric disorders using multiple levels of analysis from the genome to brain functioning to behavior. Although closely related to clinical psychology, it is fundamentally an interdisciplinary approach that attempts to synthesize methods across fields such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology. It is known by several alternative names, including "clinical neuroscience" and "experimental psychopathology." Due to the focus on biological processes of the central and peripheral nervous systems, biological psychopathology has been important in developing new biologically-based treatments for mental disorders.

The American Neuropsychiatric Association (ANPA) is a non-profit organization of professionals in neuropsychiatry, behavioral neurology and the clinical neurosciences, with over 700 members from around the world. Established in 1988, its mission is to improve the lives of people with disorders at the interface of psychiatry and neurology, with the vision of transforming recognition, understanding and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. It founded in 1988 by two academic physicians doubly certified in neurology and psychiatry, Barry S. Fogel and Randolph Schiffer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Consciousness after death</span> Common metaphysical theme in society and culture

Consciousness after death is a common theme in society and culture, and the belief in some form of life after death is a feature of many religions. However, scientific research has established that the physiological functioning of the brain, the cessation of which defines brain death, is closely connected to mental states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katya Rubia</span> British neuroscentist

Katya Rubia is a professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at the MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, both part of the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rajendra Badgaiyan</span> American physician

Professor Rajendra D Badgaiyan is an Indian American psychiatrist and cognitive neuroscientist. He is best known for developing a new neuroimaging technique for detection of acute changes in concentration of dopamine released in the live human brain during performance of a cognitive. behavioral or emotional task.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew J. Gerber</span>

Andrew J. Gerber is an American psychoanalyst and the current president and medical director of Silver Hill Hospital in New Canaan, Connecticut. His principal interests and research lie in studying the neurobiological bases of social cognition, particularly in relation to autism spectrum disorders and change in response to psychotherapy. He is a member of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychoanalytic Association and the Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic Research Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganesan Venkatasubramanian</span> Indian psychiatrist and clinician

Ganesan Venkatasubramanian is an Indian psychiatrist and clinician-scientist who works as a professor of psychiatry at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore (NIMHANS). His overarching research interest to learn the science that will facilitate a personalized approach to understand and treat severe mental disorders like schizophrenia. Venkatasubramanian is known for his studies in the fields of schizophrenia, transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), brain imaging, neuroimmunology, neurometabolism and several other areas of biological psychiatry. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to medical sciences in 2018. He was also one of the collaborating scientists in the NIMHANS-IOB Bioinformatics and Proteomics laboratory of the Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB) in Bangalore and NIMHANS. Besides, he is an adjunct faculty at the Centre for Brain Research (CBR) in Bangalore.

Mary Louise Phillips is a Pittsburgh Foundation-Emmerling Endowed Chair in Psychotic Disorders and Professor of Psychiatry and Clinical and Translational Science at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. As the director of the Mood and Brain Laboratory, Phillips performs neuroimaging research designed to elucidate the neuropathophysiological basis of bipolar disorders and associated behavioral traits.

Beatriz Luna is a developmental neuroscientist known for conducting neuroimaging research on the development of cognitive control, reward, and reinforcement learning from early childhood to adolescence.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tucker, Neely (August 9, 2012). "Daniel Amen is the most popular psychiatrist in America. To most researchers and scientists, that's a very bad thing". Washington Post Magazine .
  2. ↑ "Amen, Daniel Gregory, MD", ABPN verify CERT, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN).
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Dykes, Brett Michael (January 27, 2013). "For former kicker, the price of fearlessness". The New York Times .
  4. ↑ Butcher, James (2008). "Neuropolitics gone mad". The Lancet Neurology . 7 (4): 295. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70056-5. S2CID   54411790.
  5. 1 2 Shapiro, Eliza (December 14, 2012). "Can Daniel Amen read your mind?". The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  6. 1 2 Farah, Martha J.; Gillihan, Seth J. (2013). "Ch. 11 Neuroimaging in Clinical Psychiatry". In Chatterjee, Anjan; Farah, Martha J. (eds.). Neuroethics in Practice. Oxford University Press. pp.  131–143. ISBN   978-0-19-538978-4.
  7. 1 2 Farah, M.J. (2009). "A picture is worth a thousand dollars". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (Editorial). 21 (4): 623–4. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21133. PMID   19296729. S2CID   29300297.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burton, Robert A. (May 12, 2008). "Brain scam: Why is PBS airing Dr. Daniel Amen's self-produced infomercial for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease?". Salon . Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  9. 1 2 Hall, Harriet (February 21, 2017). "Daniel and Tana Amen's Book The Brain Warrior's Way: Standard Health Advice Mixed with Misinformation and Fanciful Ideas". Science-Based Medicine.
  10. 1 2 Farah, M.J.; Gillihan, S.J. (2012). "The puzzle of neuroimaging and psychiatric diagnosis: Technology and nosology in an evolving discipline". AJOB Neuroscience. 3 (4): 31–41. doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.713072. PMC   3597411 . PMID   23505613. The lack of empirical validation has led to widespread condemnation of diagnostic SPECT as premature and unproven.
  11. 1 2 3 "All-Star Kariya ends career". Tampa Bay Times . June 29, 2011. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014.
  12. ↑ Meet Dr. Daniel Amen - website danielamenmd.com
  13. ↑ "Newport Beach resident receives Vanguard honor". Daily Pilot. 2002-03-26. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  14. ↑ "Daniel Amen, MD". Doctor Finder. U.S. News & World Report.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Biography: Daniel G. Amen, MD". WebMD .
  16. ↑ "Practitioner Database". Certification Matters. American Board of Medical Specialties. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  17. ↑ Demos, John N. (2005). "Ch. 6 Brain Maps, Quantitative Electroencephalograph, and Normative Databases". Getting Started with Neurofeedback. W. W. Norton & Company. p.  98. ISBN   978-0-393-07553-3.
  18. 1 2 Chancellor, B.; Chatterjee, A. (2011). "Brain branding: When neuroscience and commerce collide". AJOB Neuroscience. 2 (4): 18. doi:10.1080/21507740.2011.611123. S2CID   17157310. Amen Clinics, Inc., has scanned more than 50,000 patients at a cost close to $170 million.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Bhattacharya, Sanjiv (February 6, 2013). "Dr Daniel Amen interview: The shrink who believes technology will replace the couch". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  20. 1 2 First, M.; Botterton, K.; Carter, C.; Castellano, F.X.; Dickstein, D.P.; Drevets, W.; Kim, K.L.; Pescosolido, M.F.; Rausch, S.; Seymour, K.E.; Sheline, Y.; Zubieta, J.-K. (July 2012). "Consensus Report of the APA Work Group on Neuroimaging Markers of Psychiatric Disorders" (PDF). APA Official Actions (Resource Document). Board of Trustees; American Psychiatric Association (APA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  21. ↑ Council on Children, Adolescents; Their Families (January 2005). "Resource Document on Brain Imaging and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry With Special Emphasis on Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)" (PDF). APA Official Actions. Joint Reference Committee; American Psychiatric Association (APA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-23. Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  22. ↑ Medaris, Anna (27 January 2022). "A controversial Hollywood psychiatrist conducted Bella Hadid's brain scans, inspiring the model to stop drinking". Insider. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  23. ↑ "People who think they have CTE are seeking treatment at a controversial brain clinic". NPR.org. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Nagappan, Ashwini; Kalokairinou, Louiza; Wexler, Anna (October 2021). "Ethical and Legal Considerations of Alternative Neurotherapies". AJOB Neuroscience. 12 (4): 257–269. doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896601. ISSN   2150-7740. PMC   8460707 . PMID   33759705.
  25. ↑ Williams, Joseph (February 19, 2007). "Give your head a rest: When it hurts, don't try to play through the pain. You could have a concussion. Tips for avoiding and recovering from a concussion". The Boston Globe .
  26. 1 2 3 Carroll, Robert Todd (January 1, 2009). "PBS Infomercial for Daniel Amen's Clinics". The Skeptic's Dictionary (Online ed.). Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  27. ↑ Guallar, E.; Stranges, S.; Mulrow, C.; Appel, L.J.; Miller, E.R. III (2013). "Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements". Annals of Internal Medicine (editorial). 159 (12): 850–1. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011. PMID   24490268. S2CID   8623113.
  28. 1 2 3 Hall, Harriet (March 19, 2013). "Dr. Amen's Love Affair with SPECT Scans". Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  29. 1 2 Thornton, Davi Johnson (2011). "Practical Neuoscience and Brain-Based Self-Help". Brain Culture: Neuroscience and Popular Media. Rutgers University Press. pp. 64 et seq. ISBN   978-0-8135-5012-1.
  30. ↑ Quinn, Judy (March 1, 1999). "Get a 'Life'". Publishers Weekly . Vol. 245, no. 9.". . . "the book's stronger than expected out-of-the-gate success."
  31. ↑ Swanner, Rebecca (2010). Best You Ever: 365 Ways to be Richer, Happier, Thinner, Smarter, Younger, Sexier, and More Relaxed - Each and Every Day. Adams Media. p.  340. ISBN   978-1-4405-1071-7.
  32. ↑ Leuchter, A.F. (2009). "Healing the Hardware of the Soul: Enhance Your Brain to Improve Your Work, Love, and Spiritual Life" (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry (book review). 166 (5): 625. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121843.
  33. ↑ Fisher, Maryanne; Bradford, Andrea (2010). "Ch. 14 Sex Inhibitors". The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Chemistry of Love. Penguin. Meditate for Better Sex. ISBN   978-1-101-47803-5.
  34. ↑ Martin, Rachel (December 8, 2013). "Rick Warren writes a faith-based diet book". Weekend Edition . NPR News.
  35. ↑ Park, Madison (January 24, 2012). "Rick Warren and church tackle obesity". Health. CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 2012-10-20.
  36. ↑ Piaza, Joe (March 27, 2012). "Church spreads the gospel of healthy eating". FoxNews.com . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 2012-10-20.
  37. ↑ Norris, Janice (January 7, 2014). "Health is wealth: Start a new lifestyle with the Daniel Plan". Stuttgart Daily Leader . Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  38. ↑ "Scoop: THE VIEW on ABC - Week of December 23, 2013". Broadway World. December 18, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  39. ↑ Macvean, Mary (June 16, 2014). "Cross training: Christians embrace Daniel Plan's Mind-Body-Spirit Diet". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 16, 2014.
  40. ↑ Fresno County Public Library Staff (January 4, 2014). "Library Bookshelf: Desolation of Smaug guidebook available". The Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
  41. ↑ "Translational Research - Stanford Center for Memory Disorders - Neurology & Neurological Sciences - Stanford University School of Medicine: Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease". neurology.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
  42. ↑ Getler, Michael (May 20, 2008). "Caution: That Program May Not Be From PBS". PBS Ombudsman. pbs.org. PBS . Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  43. ↑ Carlat, Daniel (May 19, 2008). "Brain scans as mind readers? Don't believe the hype". Wired . Archived from the original on May 25, 2008. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  44. ↑ Rosemond, John (2008). "Ch. 3 Biology in Wonderland". The Diseasing of America's Children: Exposing the ADHD Fiasco and Empowering Parents to Take Back Control. Thomas Nelson. Brain Scan Babble p. 63. ISBN   978-1-4185-6921-1.
  45. ↑ Charles, Ron (5 May 2015). "Rick Warren's weight-loss plan named Christian Book of the Year". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.