Danielle Citron | |
---|---|
Citron at WikiConference USA in 2015 | |
Awards | MacArthur Fellow (2019) Fastcase 50 Award Honoree (2022) Top 50 World Thinkers (Prospect Magazine UK, 2015) |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | Duke University (BA) Fordham University (JD) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Virginia School of Law |
Main interests | Privacy,Civil Rights,Gender and the Law |
Notable works | "'Hate Crimes in Cyberspace" (2014) "The Fight for Privacy:Protecting Dignity,Identity,and Love in the Digital Age" (2022) |
Danielle Keats Citron is a Jefferson Scholars Foundation Schenck Distinguished Professor in Law at the University of Virginia School of Law,where she teaches information privacy,free expression,and civil rights law. [1] Citron is the author of "The Fight for Privacy:Protecting Dignity,Identity,and Love in the Digital Age" (forthcoming October 2022) and "Hate Crimes in Cyberspace" (2014). [2] [3] She also serves as the Vice President of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative,an organization which provides assistance and legislative support to victims of online abuse. [4] Prior to joining UVA Law,Citron was an Austin B. Fletcher Distinguished Professor of Law at Boston University Law School,and was also the Morton &Sophia Macht Professor of Law at the University of Maryland School of Law. [5] [6]
Citron graduated from Duke University,and the Fordham University School of Law. [7]
She is an Affiliate Scholar at the Stanford Center for Internet and Society, [8] an Affiliate Fellow at the Yale Information Society Project, [9] a Tech Fellow at NYU's Policing Project,and a member of the Principles Group for the Harvard-MIT Artificial Intelligence (AI) Fund. [10] [11]
Citron is the author of Hate Crimes in Cyberspace (2014) [12] which was named one of the “20 Best Moments for Women in 2014”by Cosmopolitan magazine. [13] Her second book The Fight for Privacy:Protecting Dignity,Identity,and Love in the Digital Age will be released in October 2022. [14]
In 2017,she was elected as a member of the American Law Institute [15] and currently serves on the Advisory Board of ALI's Information Privacy Principles Project. [16] She is the Vice President and Board Member of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative,a civil rights and civil liberties project named after her article Cyber Civil Rights (Boston U Law Review,2009). [17] [18] She serves on the advisory board of Teach Privacy [19] and Without My Consent. [20] She serves on Twitter's Trust and Safety Council, [21] and the Board of Directors for the Future of Privacy Forum. [22] She sits on the Electronic Privacy Information Center's Board of Directors,and was the Chair of the Board from 2017 through 2019. [23] In 2019,Citron was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for her work in cyber harassment. [24]
Citron is an expert on online harassment, [25] [26] and has written for The New York Times , [27] Slate , [28] The Atlantic , [29] The New Scientist , [30] Time , [31] and Al Jazeera. [32] She has been a guest on The Diane Rehm Show , The Kojo Nnamdi Show ,and Slate 's The Gist podcast. [33] [34] [35] She is also a Forbes contributor. [36] She has authored over 50 law review articles, [37] and she is ranked number 72 out of the 250 most-cited scholars on Hein Online. [38]
Citron helped Maryland State Senator Jon Cardin draft a bill criminalizing the non-consensual publication of nude images,which was passed into law in 2014. [39] From 2014 to December 2016,Citron served as an advisor to Vice President Kamala Harris (then California Attorney General). [40] She served as a member of Harris's Task Force to Combat Cyber Exploitation and Violence Against Women. [41]
Citron is a critic of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act,stating that it gives online platforms a "free pass" from having to do moderation,while market forces are driving a rise of "salacious,negative,and novel content" on the Internet. [42] In a 2017 Fordham Law Review article with Benjamin Wittes,Citron argued that "the internet will not break [from] denying bad samaritans §230 immunity". [43] At a House Intelligence Committee hearing in June 2019 [44] [45] and at a House Energy and Commerce Committee hearing in October 2019, [46] Citron proposed the conditioning of Section 230 protection on "reasonable" content moderation practices. The Electronic Frontier Foundation called this proposition "terrifying",arguing it would lead to excessive litigation risks,especially for small businesses. [47] On the other hand,Citron has expressed partial agreement with critics of the 2018 FOSTA act,in particular with regard to uncertainties resulting from the law's "knowing facilitation" standard. [48]
Hate speech is a legal term with varied meaning. It has no single, consistent definition. It is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation". The Encyclopedia of the American Constitution states that hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation". There is no single definition of what constitutes "hate" or "disparagement". Legal definitions of hate speech vary from country to country.
Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.
Jew Watch was an antisemitic website promoting Holocaust denial and negative claims about Jews. The claims included allegations of a conspiracy that Jews control the media and banking, as well as accusations of Jewish involvement in terrorist groups. The site contained propaganda, according to Sam Varghese of The Age, similar to that used in Nazi Germany. It was widely considered a hate site. Jew Watch received support from Stormfront, a white nationalist and neo-Nazi site. The site described itself as a "not-for-profit library for private study, scholarship, or research [that keeps] a close watch on Jewish Communities and organizations worldwide".
The Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society is a research center at Harvard University that focuses on the study of cyberspace. Founded at Harvard Law School, the center traditionally focused on internet-related legal issues. On May 15, 2008, the center was elevated to an interfaculty initiative of Harvard University as a whole. It is named after the Berkman family. On July 5, 2016, the center added "Klein" to its name following a gift of $15 million from Michael R. Klein.
Internet safety, also known as online safety, cyber safety and electronic safety (e-safety), refers to the policies, practices and processes that reduce the harms to people that are enabled by the (mis)use of information technology.
Charlotte Anne Laws, also known by her stage name Missy Laws, is an American author, talk show host, animal rights advocate, anti-revenge porn activist, former politician, and actress. Laws is a former BBC News contributor and was a weekly commentator on KNBC-TV's The Filter with Fred Roggin from 2009 to 2013. She also co-hosted the Internet show,' Every Way Woman (2008–2013) and hosted a local television show called "Uncommon Sense" from October 2007 to September 2010.
In the United States, internet censorship is the suppression of information published or viewed on the Internet in the United States. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects freedom of speech and expression against federal, state, and local government censorship.
Information technology law(IT law) or information, communication and technology law (ICT law) (also called cyberlaw) concerns the juridical regulation of information technology, its possibilities and the consequences of its use, including computing, software coding, artificial intelligence, the internet and virtual worlds. The ICT field of law comprises elements of various branches of law, originating under various acts or statutes of parliaments, the common and continental law and international law. Some important areas it covers are information and data, communication, and information technology, both software and hardware and technical communications technology, including coding and protocols.
Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group, or organization. It may include false accusations, defamation, slander and libel. It may also include monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, doxing, or blackmail. These unwanted behaviors are perpetrated online and cause intrusion into an individual's digital life as well as negatively impact a victim's mental and emotional well-being, as well as their sense of safety and security online.
Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age is a non-fiction book about cyberlaw, written by free speech lawyer Mike Godwin. It was first published in 1998 by Times Books. It was republished in 2003 as a revised edition by The MIT Press. Godwin graduated from the University of Texas School of Law in 1990 and was the first staff counsel for the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Written with a first-person perspective, Cyber Rights offers a background in the legal issues and history pertaining to free speech on the Internet. It documents the author's experiences in defending free speech online, and puts forth the thesis that "the remedy for the abuse of free speech is more speech". Godwin emphasizes that decisions made about the expression of ideas on the Internet affect freedom of speech in other media as well, as granted by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Racism on the internet sometimes also referred to as cyber-racism and more broadly considered as an online hate crime or an internet hate crime consists of racist rhetoric or bullying that is distributed through computer-mediated means and includes some or all of the following characteristics: ideas of racial uniqueness, racist attitudes towards specific social categories, racist stereotypes, hate-speech, nationalism and common destiny, racial supremacy, superiority and separation, conceptions of racial otherness, and anti-establishment world-view. Racism online can have the same effects as offensive remarks made face-to-face.
Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. Although there are often existing laws that prohibit stalking or harassment in a general sense, legislators sometimes believe that such laws are inadequate or do not go far enough, and thus bring forward new legislation to address this perceived shortcoming. In the United States, for example, nearly every state has laws that address cyberstalking, cyberbullying, or both.
Marvin Ammori is an American lawyer, civil liberties advocate, and scholar best known for his work on network neutrality and Internet freedom issues. He is Chief Legal Officer of Uniswap.
Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers and adolescents, due to the communication technology advancements and young people's increased use of such technologies. Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites.
Revenge porn is the distribution of sexually explicit images or videos of individuals without their consent. The material may have been made by a partner in an intimate relationship with the knowledge and consent of the subject at the time, or it may have been made without their knowledge. The subject may have experienced sexual violence during the recording of the material, in some cases facilitated by narcotics such as date rape drugs which also cause a reduced sense of pain and involvement in the sexual act, dissociative effects and amnesia. The possession of the material may be used by the perpetrators to blackmail the subjects into performing other sexual acts, to coerce them into continuing a relationship or to punish them for ending one, to silence them, to damage their reputation, and/or for financial gain. In the wake of civil lawsuits and the increasing numbers of reported incidents, legislation has been passed in a number of countries and jurisdictions to outlaw the practice, though approaches have varied and been changed over the years. The practice has also been described as a form of psychological abuse and domestic violence, as well as a form of sexual abuse.
Human rights in cyberspace is a relatively new and uncharted area of law. The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) has stated that the freedoms of expression and information under Article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) include the freedom to receive and communicate information, ideas and opinions through the Internet.
The Cyber Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) is a non-profit organization. Founded in 2012 by Holly Jacobs, the organization offers services to victims of cybercrimes. The majority of which goes through its crisis helpline.
Mary Anne Franks is an American legal scholar, author, activist, and media commentator. She is a professor of law and the Eugene L. and Barbara A. Bernard Professor in Intellectual Property, Technology, and Civil Rights Law at George Washington University Law School, where her areas of expertise and teaching include First Amendment law, Second Amendment law, criminal law, criminal procedure, family law, and law and technology. She also serves as president and Legislative and Technology Policy Director of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative. Prior to joining the faculty at George Washington University Law School, Professor Franks was the Michael R. Klein Distinguished Scholar Chair and Professor of Law at the University of Miami School of Law.
The Cyberspace Administration of China is the national internet regulator and censor of the People's Republic of China.
Online hate speech is a type of speech that takes place online with the purpose of attacking a person or a group based on their race, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, disability, and/or gender. Online hate speech is not easily defined, but can be recognized by the degrading or dehumanizing function it serves.
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