David Kilcullen

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Lt. Col. (res.)
David John Kilcullen
DavidKilcullen.jpg
Born1967 (age 55–56)
NationalityAustralian
Education PhD, Politics, Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales, 2000
Alma mater Royal Military College, Duntroon
Known forTheory and practice of counter-insurgency and conflict ethnography
Awards United States Army Superior Civilian Service Medal [1]

David John Kilcullen FRGS (born 1967) is an Australian author, strategist, and counterinsurgency expert who is currently the non-executive chairman of Caerus Associates, a strategy and design consulting firm that he founded. [2] He is a professor at Arizona State University and at University of New South Wales, Canberra. [3]

Contents

From 2005 to 2006, he was chief strategist in the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the U.S. State Department. [4] Kilcullen was a senior counter-insurgency advisor to General David Petraeus in 2007 and 2008, where he helped design and monitor the Iraq War troop surge. [5] He was then a special advisor for counter-insurgency to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. [6] Kilcullen has been a senior fellow of the Center for a New American Security [7] and an adjunct professor at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University. [8] Highly critical of the decision to invade Iraq, he is on record as saying "There undeniably would be no ISIS if we had not invaded Iraq." [9] Kilcullen has written six books: The Accidental Guerrilla, Counterinsurgency, Out of the Mountains, Blood Year, The Dragons and the Snakes: How the Rest Learned to Fight the West and The Ledger: Accounting for Failure in Afghanistan. [9] [10] [11] [12]

Education

Kilcullen graduated from St Pius X College in 1984. He then attended the Australian Defence Force Academy and completed a Bachelor of Arts with honours in military art and science through the University of New South Wales and graduated as a distinguished graduate and was awarded the Chief of Defence Force Army Prize in 1989.[ citation needed ] He took his army officer training at the Royal Military College, Duntroon. After twelve months of training in Indonesia, Kilcullen graduated from the Australian Defence Force School of Languages [13] in 1993 with an advanced diploma in applied linguistics. He is fluent in Indonesian and speaks some Arabic and French. [1]

Kilcullen received a Ph.D. in politics from the University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy in 2000. His thesis, entitled "The Political Consequences of Military Operations in Indonesia 1945-99: A Fieldwork Analysis of the Political Power-Diffusion Effects of Guerrilla Conflict," focused on the effects of guerrilla warfare on non-state political systems in traditional societies. He drew on ethnographic methods to research traditional systems of governance in East Timor and West Papua.

His research centered on investigating power diffusion in Indonesia during the Darul Islam Era of 1948 to 1962 and the Indonesian Occupation of East Timor of 1974 to 1999. Kilcullen argues that counter-insurgency operations, whether successful or not, cause the diffusion of political power from central to local leaders and that populations are the major actors in insurgency and counter-insurgency dynamics. [14]

Australian Army

Kilcullen was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Army and served in a number of operational, strategic, command, and staff positions in the Royal Australian Infantry Corps and Australian Defence Force. He served in several counter-insurgency and peacekeeping operations in East Timor, Bougainville, and the Middle East. [1]

Kilcullen attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Australian Army and served as a staff officer in the Australian Defence Force Headquarters. In 2004, he became a senior analyst in the Australian Office of National Assessments, where he served on the writing team for the Australian Government's 2004 Terrorism White Paper, "Transnational Terrorism: The Threat to Australia." [1]

He left active duty in 2005 [5] and is commissioned as a lieutenant colonel in the Australian Army Reserve. [15]

Career in the United States

Kilcullen was seconded to the United States Department of Defense in 2004, where he wrote the counter-terrorism strategy for the Quadrennial Defense Review that appeared in 2006. [6] After going to reserve status in the Australian Army, Kilcullen worked for the United States Department of State in 2005 and 2006, serving as the Chief Strategist in the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. [6] He worked in the field in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia. He helped design and implement the Regional Strategic Initiative. [1]

Kilcullen helped write the United States Army's Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency, published in December 2006. [16] [17] He also wrote an appendix, entitled "A Guide to Action."

In early 2007, Kilcullen became a member of a small group of civilian and military experts, including Colonel H. R. McMaster, who worked on the personal staff of General David Petraeus, the Commander of the Multi-National Force – Iraq. [18] There, Kilcullen served as the Senior Counterinsurgency Advisor until 2008 and was responsible for planning and executing counterinsurgency strategy and operations. He was the principal architect of the Joint Campaign Plan which guided the Iraq War 2007 Troop Surge. [19]

He has also served as the Special Advisor for Counterinsurgency to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in 2007 and 2008. [6]

Kilcullen was a member of the White House 2008 Review of Afghanistan and Pakistan Strategy. From 2009 to 2010, he was the counterinsurgency adviser to NATO and the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. Kilcullen has also been an adviser to the British Government, the Australian Government, and to several private sector institutions and companies.

He was a senior fellow and a member of the advisory board of the Center for a New American Security. [20] He was a partner at the Crumpton Group, but left "over a matter of principle." [21] He has also been an adjunct professor of Security Studies at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. [8] [22]

Kilcullen founded Caerus Associates, LLC in 2010. Caerus is a Washington, D.C.-based strategic and design consultancy firm that specializes in working in complex and frontier environments. [23] Kilcullen is an Advisory Board Member of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization that supports the safety and success of Americans serving abroad and the local people and partners they seek to help. [24]

Contributions to counter-insurgency

Complex Warfighting

In 2004, Kilcullen wrote Complex Warfighting, which became the basis of the Australian Army's Future Land Operating Concept, approved the next year. [5] It identifies an operating environment heavily influenced by globalization and the United States' conventional military dominance. The concept claims that future conflicts will feature asymmetric threats requiring land forces to be flexible, able to deploy quickly, and operate in urban terrain. The paper calls for "modular, highly educated and skilled forces with a capacity for network-enabled operations, optimised for close combat in combined arms teams. These teams will be small, semi-autonomous, and highly networked, incorporating traditional elements of the combined arms team as well as non-traditional elements such as civil affairs, intelligence, and psychological warfare capabilities. They will have a capacity for protracted independent operations within a joint interagency framework." [25] While not strictly limited to counter-insurgency, it stated that counter-insurgency and other non-traditional actions were going to compose a greater part of warfare in the 21st Century. [5]

"Countering Global Insurgency"

"Countering Global Insurgency" proposed a new strategic approach to the War on Terrorism. It was first published in Small Wars Journal in 2004 [26] and then a shorter version appeared in the Journal of Strategic Studies in 2005. [27] The paper argues that al-Qaeda is best understood as a "global Islamic insurgency" that seeks to promote its takfiri version of Islam and increase its role in the world order. Thus, counter-insurgency strategies and tactics need updating to deal with a globalized movement like al-Qaeda, especially increasing participation and cooperation of many states' intelligence and police agencies. [5]

"Counterinsurgency Redux"

Kilcullen's 2006 paper "Counterinsurgency Redux" questions the relevance of classical counterinsurgency theory to modern conflict. It argues from field evidence gathered in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Horn of Africa that:

[T]oday's insurgencies differ significantly from those of the 1960s. Insurgents may not be seeking to overthrow the state, have no coherent strategy, or pursue a faith-based approach difficult to counter traditional methods. There may be numerous competing insurgencies in one theater, meaning that the counterinsurgent must control the overall environment rather than defeat a specific enemy. Individuals' actions and the propaganda effect of a subjective "single narrative" may far outweigh practical progress, rendering counterinsurgency even more non-linear and unpredictable than before. The counterinsurgent, not the insurgent, may initiate the conflict and represent the forces of revolutionary change. The economic relationship between insurgents and the population may be diametrically opposed to classical theory. And insurgent tactics, based on exploiting the propaganda effects of urban bombing, may invalidate some classical tactics and render others, like patrolling, counterproductive under some circumstances. Thus, field evidence suggests, classical theory is necessary but not sufficient for success against contemporary insurgencies

"Twenty-Eight Articles"

Kilcullen's paper "Twenty-Eight Articles" [28] is a practical guide for junior officers and non-commissioned officers engaged in counter-insurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. The paper's publication history is an illustration of new methods of knowledge propagation in the military-professional community. It first appeared as an e-mail that was widely circulated informally among U.S. Army and Marine officers in April 2006, and was subsequently published in Military Review in May 2006. Later versions of it were published in IoSphere and the Marine Corps Gazette , and it has been translated into Arabic, Russian, Pashtu and Spanish. [29] It was later formalized as Appendix A to FM 3-24, the US military's counterinsurgency doctrine, and is in use by the US, Australian, British, Canadian, Dutch, Iraqi and Afghan armies as a training document. [30]

Conflict ethnography

Kilcullen has argued in most of his works for a deeper cultural understanding of the conflict environment, an approach he has called conflict ethnography: "a deep, situation-specific understanding of the human, social and cultural dimensions of a conflict, understood not by analogy with some other conflict, but in its own terms." [31] In the same essay, "Religion and Insurgency," published in May 2007 on the Small Wars Journal, he expanded this view:

The bottom line is that no handbook relieves a professional counterinsurgent from the personal obligation to study, internalize and interpret the physical, human, informational and ideological setting in which the conflict takes place. Conflict ethnography is key; to borrow a literary term, there is no substitute for a "close reading" of the environment. But it is a reading that resides in no book, but around you; in the terrain, the people, their social and cultural institutions, the way they act and think. You have to be a participant-observer. And the key is to see beyond the surface differences between our societies and these environments (of which religious orientation is one key element) to the deeper social and cultural drivers of conflict, drivers that locals would understand on their own terms. [31]

Counterinsurgency

In 2010, Kilcullen brought together his writings in his book Counterinsurgency and developed his understanding of counterinsurgency to address radical Islam's globalized threat. He argues that successful counterinsurgency is about out-governing the enemy and winning the adaptation battle to provide integrated measures to defeat insurgent tactics through political, administrative, military, economic, psychological, and informational means.

Positions on American policy

Iraq War

In an interview with Spencer Ackerman of the Washington Independent in 2008, Kilcullen called the decision to invade Iraq "fucking stupid" and suggested that if policy-makers apply his manual's lessons, similar wars can be avoided in the future. "The biggest stupid idea," Kilcullen said, "was to invade Iraq in the first place." [32] Kilcullen didn't deny saying it, but rather that "I can categorically state that the word 'fucking' was said off the record". [4] Kilcullen explained his comment the next day: [33]

[I]n my view, the decision to invade Iraq in 2003 was an extremely serious strategic error. But the task of the moment is not to cry over spilt milk, rather to help clean it up: a task in which the surge, the comprehensive counterinsurgency approach, and our troops on the ground are admirably succeeding.

...

The question of whether we were right to invade Iraq is a fascinating debate for historians and politicians, and a valid issue for the American people to consider in an election year. As it happens, I think it was a mistake. But that is not my key concern. The issue for practitioners in the field is not to second-guess a decision from six years ago, but to get on with the job at hand which, I believe, is what both Americans and Iraqis expect of us. In that respect, the new strategy and tactics implemented in 2007, which relied for their effectiveness on the Surge's extra troop numbers, ARE succeeding and need to be supported. [34]

In his book Blood Year, published in 2016, Kilcullen makes very clear his view that "there undeniably would be no Isis if we had not invaded Iraq." In a March 2016 interview on the UK's Channel 4 News, he went on to say: [9]

We now face not one but two global terrorist organisations in an environment that’s much less stable and much more fragmented than it was in 2001.

Criticizing American policy

On 6 March 2009, Kilcullen published a piece on Small Wars Journal titled "Accidental Guerrilla: Read Before Burning." The piece responded to Andrew Bacevich's review [35] of Kilcullen's book, The Accidental Guerilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One, and also addressed his criticisms of American administrations. Kilcullen wrote:

[M]y views have been on the public record for years, since well before I came to work for the government and since before I served in the field in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan. They hired me anyway. And secondly, surprising as it may be, the last administration – just like the present administration – was big enough, open enough and intellectually honest enough to tolerate and, indeed, welcome constructive criticism and genuine attempts to fix policy problems. I never found that it needed much moral courage to be honest about my opinions – non-partisan honesty was exactly what Secretary Rice wanted from me, and she told me that more than once. The ability to tolerate and integrate different opinions, and thus to self-correct, is one of the foremost strengths of our form of government, and I suspect this is true of all administrations, though perhaps it is true of some more than others. [36]

Drone use

Kilcullen argues that targeted killings with drone strikes in Afghanistan and Pakistan is a mistake. in 2009 he said: "These strikes are totally counter-productive. It is a strategic error to personalize the conflict in this way, it’ll strengthen the enemy and weaken our friends. How can one expect the civilian population to support us if we kill their families and destroy their homes." [4]

Publications and testimony

Books

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guerrilla warfare</span> Form of irregular warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tatmadaw</span> Armed forces of Myanmar

The Tatmadaw is the military of Myanmar. It is administered by the Ministry of Defence and composed of the Myanmar Army, the Myanmar Navy and the Myanmar Air Force. Auxiliary services include the Myanmar Police Force, the Border Guard Forces, the Myanmar Coast Guard, and the People's Militia Units. Since independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw has faced significant ethnic insurgencies, especially in Chin, Kachin, Kayin, Kayah, and Shan states. General Ne Win took control of the country in a 1962 coup d'état, attempting to build an autarkic society called the Burmese Way to Socialism. Following the violent repression of nationwide protests in 1988, the military agreed to free elections in 1990, but ignored the resulting victory of the National League for Democracy and imprisoned its leader Aung San Suu Kyi. The 1990s also saw the escalation of the conflict between Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State due to RSO attacks on Tatmadaw forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asymmetric warfare</span> A war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly

Asymmetric warfare is a type of war between belligerents whose relative military power, strategy, or tactics differ significantly. This type of warfare often, but not necessarily, involves insurgents or resistance movement militias who may have the status of unlawful combatants against a standing army.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malayan Emergency</span> 1948–1960 conflict in British Malaya

The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War(1948–1960), was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, British Empire and Commonwealth. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a socialist economy, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests. The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Insurgency</span> Revolt or uprising by irregular forces, especially one that is prolonged

An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas against a larger authority. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irregular forces face a large, well-equipped, regular military force state adversary. Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations.

Sir Robert Grainger Ker Thompson (1916–1992) was a British military officer and counter-insurgency expert who "was widely regarded on both sides of the Atlantic as the world's leading expert on countering the Mao Tse-tung technique of rural guerrilla insurgency". His 1966 book Defeating Communist Insurgency played an important role in popularizing the "hearts and minds" approach to counterinsurgency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jungle warfare</span> Warfare in jungles, forests, or similar environments

Jungle warfare or woodland warfare is warfare in forests, jungles, or similar environments. The term encompasses military operations affected by the terrain, climate, vegetation, and wildlife of densely-wooded areas, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Counterinsurgency</span> Military operation aimed at defeating insurgent forces

Counterinsurgency is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. However, modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization. Within the military sciences, counterinsurgency is one of the main operational approaches of irregular warfare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Petraeus</span> U.S. Army general and public official (born 1952)

David Howell Petraeus is a retired United States Army general and public official. He served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 6, 2011, until his resignation on November 9, 2012. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus served 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and commander, U.S. Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from July 4, 2010, to July 18, 2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th commander, U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from October 13, 2008, to June 30, 2010, and as commanding general, Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF-I) from February 10, 2007, to September 16, 2008. As commander of MNF-I, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq.

Steven Kent Metz is an American author and professor of national security and strategy at the U.S. Army War College specializing in insurgency and counterinsurgency, American defense policy, strategic theory, the African security environment, and future warfare.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Galula</span> French Army officer and counterinsurgency theorist (1919–1967)

David Galula was a French military officer and scholar who was influential in developing the theory and practice of counterinsurgency warfare.

Seth G. Jones is an academic, political scientist and author. Jones is most renowned for his work on counterinsurgency and counterterrorism; much of his published material and media presence relates to US strategy in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and in confronting al-Qāʿida. He is currently a Fellow and Director at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign internal defense</span> Approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency

Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by the military in several countries, including the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, to describe an integrated, or multi-country approach to combating actual or threatened insurgency in a foreign state. This foreign state is known as the Host Nation (HN) under the US doctrine. The term counter-insurgency is commonly used for FID.

Irregular warfare (IW) is defined in United States joint doctrine as "a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations." In practice, control of institutions and infrastructure is also important. Concepts associated with irregular warfare are older than the term itself.

The main strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare tend to involve the use of a small attacking, mobile force against a large, unwieldy force. The guerrilla force is largely or entirely organized in small units that are dependent on the support of the local population. Tactically, the guerrilla army makes the repetitive attacks far from the opponent's center of gravity with a view to keeping its own casualties to a minimum and imposing a constant debilitating strain on the enemy. This may provoke the enemy into a brutal, excessively destructive response which will both anger their own supporters and increase support for the guerrillas, ultimately compelling the enemy to withdraw. One of the most famous examples of this was during the Irish War of Independence. Michael Collins, a leader of the Irish Republican Army, often used this tactic to take out squads of British soldiers, mainly in Munster, especially Cork.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gian Gentile</span>

Gian P. Gentile is a retired US Army colonel, who served for many years as a history professor at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Gentile has also been a visiting fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a senior historian at the RAND Corporation. He is a leading critic of U.S. military counter-insurgency doctrine.

Clear and hold is a counter-insurgency strategy in which military personnel clear an area of guerrillas or other insurgents, and then keep the area clear of insurgents while winning the support of the populace for the government and its policies. As defined by the United States Army, "clear and hold" contains three elements: civil-military operations, combat operations, and information warfare. Only highly strategic areas are initially chosen for "clear and hold" operations; once they are secure, the operation gradually spreads to less strategic areas until the desired geographic unit is under control. Once an area has been cleared, local police authority is re-established, and government authority re-asserted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Institute for the Study of War</span> American think tank

The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) is an American nonprofit research group and think tank founded in 2007 by military historian Kimberly Kagan and headquartered in Washington, D.C. ISW provides research and analysis regarding issues of defense and foreign affairs. It has produced reports on the Syrian civil war, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War, "focusing on military operations, enemy threats, and political trends in diverse conflict zones". ISW currently publishes daily updates on the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine as well as the Mahsa Amini protests in Iran.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Winning hearts and minds</span> Conflict strategy in which one side persuades supporters of the other to their cause

Winning hearts and minds is a concept occasionally expressed in the resolution of war, insurgency, and other conflicts, in which one side seeks to prevail not by the use of superior force, but by making emotional or intellectual appeals to sway supporters of the other side.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Security force assistance</span> U.S. military term for advisor assistance

Security Force Assistance (SFA) is an American term for United States military advisor assistance with "training, equipping and advising allied or 'partner' militaries to enable them to defend themselves without 100,000 Americans on the ground to do it for them." SFA is used when improving the security of the host country aligns with the national interests of the donor country. It may be used alongside or instead of larger commitments of the donor country's military personnel and material. This means SFA can provide an alternative to large-scale operations if a war becomes controversial or politically difficult.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "David Kilcullen". EastWest Institute. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  2. ↑ "caerusassociates.com - About - History". Caerus Associates website. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  3. ↑ "Professor David Kilcullen | UNSW Canberra". www.unsw.adfa.edu.au. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 Sengupta, Kim (9 July 2009). "David Kilcullen: The Australian helping to shape a new Afghanistan strategy". The Independent. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Mark, Craig (September 2010). "Kilcullen and the Efficacy of Contemporary Counterinsurgency" (PDF). Australian Political Science Association Conference 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Williams, Kenneth, ed. (2011). "State Versus Non-State Interventions in Fragile States". Rethinking: A Middle East in Transition. Middle East Institute. p. 195. ISBN   9780160901751.
  7. ↑ "David Kilcullen Joins CNAS as a Senior Fellow". Center for a New American Security. 19 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  8. 1 2 "Counterinsurgency". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 "Former US military adviser David Kilcullen says there would be no Isis without Iraq invasion". The Independent. 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  10. ↑ Out of the Mountains by David Kilcullen. 3 September 2013.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ "David Kilcullen".
  12. ↑ Ruthven, Malise (13 March 2020). "The Dragons and the Snakes by David Kilcullen — modern warfare's mistake". www.ft.com. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "David Kilcullen - Sunday Profile". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 4 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  14. ↑ Kilcullen, David J. (2000). The political consequences of military operations in Indonesia 1945-99 (Thesis). Australian Defence Force Academy. doi:10.26190/unsworks/18047. hdl:1959.4/38709.
  15. ↑ "Transcript: Charlie Rose interview with David Kilcullen". The New York Times. 5 October 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  16. ↑ Weisser, Rebecca (18 August 2007). "Strategist behind war gains". Australian. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  17. ↑ Packer, George (18 December 2006). "Knowing the Enemy". The New Yorker. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  18. ↑ Gawenda, Michael (6 February 2007). "US drafts Australian to advise on Iraq push". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  19. ↑ Kilcullen, David (2009). The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One . New York: Oxford University Press. p.  130. ISBN   978-0-19-536834-5.
  20. ↑ "Beyond Bullets: Strategies for Encountering Violent Extremism" (PDF). Center for a New American Security. 8 June 2009. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  21. ↑ Rogin, Josh (17 February 2010). "Why did David Kilcullen leave the Crumpton Group?". foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  22. ↑ "Strategic Studies-Faculty". Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  23. ↑ "Dr. David Kilcullen". Caerus Associates. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  24. ↑ https://spiritofamerica.org/staff/dr-david-kilcullen [ dead link ]
  25. ↑ Ferguson, Gregor (10 January 2008). "Headline tests complex warfighting plans". Australian Defence Magazine.
  26. ↑ "Countering global insurgency" (PDF). Small Wars Journal. 30 November 2004.
  27. ↑ Kilcullen, David J. (2005). "Countering global insurgency". Journal of Strategic Studies. 28 (4): 597–617. doi:10.1080/01402390500300956. S2CID   154552216. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  28. ↑ Kilcullen, David (2006). "Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-level Counterinsurgency" (PDF). Military Review. 83 (3): 103–108. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  29. ↑ "Selected Publications by Dr. David Kilcullen". Center for a New American Security. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
  30. ↑ "FM 3-24: Counterinsurgency" (PDF). 15 December 2006. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  31. 1 2 Kilcullen, David (12 May 2007). "Religion and Insurgency". Small Wars Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  32. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer (27 July 2008). "A Counterinsurgency Guide for Politicos". Washington Independent. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  33. ↑ Ackerman, Spencer (29 July 2008). "Sources Holler Back: Kilcullen Edition". Washington Independent. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  34. ↑ Kilcullen, Dave (29 July 2008). "My Views on Iraq". Small Wars Journal. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  35. ↑ Bacevich, Andrew (2 March 2009) [March–April 2009]. "Raising Jihad". National Interest. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  36. ↑ Kilcullen, David (6 March 2009). "Accidental Guerrilla: Read Before Burning". Small Wars Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2013.
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