Dead key

A dead key is a special kind of modifier key on a mechanical typewriter, or computer keyboard, that is typically used to attach a specific diacritic to a base letter. ^[1] The dead key does not generate a (complete) character by itself, but modifies the character generated by the key struck immediately after. Thus, a dedicated key is not needed for each possible combination of a diacritic and a letter, but rather only one dead key for each diacritic is needed, in addition to the normal base letter keys.

For example, if a keyboard mapping (such as US international) has a dead key for the circumflex, ^, the character â can be generated by first pressing ^ and then a. ^[2]

Usually, the diacritic itself can be generated as a free-standing character by pressing the dead key followed by space; so a caret (free-standing circumflex) can be typed by pressing ^ and then Space.

Mechanical typewriters

Spanish typewriter (QWERTY keyboard) with dead keys for acute, circumflex, diaeresis and grave accents.

See also: Tilde § Role of mechanical typewriters

The dead key is mechanical in origin, and "dead" means without movement. On mechanical typebar typewriters, all characters are of equal width. As a key is pressed, a metal typebar strikes the character onto an inked ribbon, transferring ink to the paper, and a mechanism is triggered which causes the paper (inserted in a carriage ) to move forward one space. To use a single diacritic, such as the acute accent, with multiple foundation characters (such as á, é, í, ó, ú) the decision was made to create a new character, the acute accent or diacritic ´, which did not exist in typesetting as of that date. Due to a change in the mechanism, striking the key containing the accent did not advance the paper (the key was "dead" or non-spacing), meaning it could be followed by any character that was to appear under the acute accent, producing an overstruck character. This second key moved the paper carriage forward.

Note that with mechanical keyboards, the acute accent could be followed by any character, to create new combinations such as q with acute accent.

Electronic keyboards

A dead key is different from a typical modifier key (such as AltGr or ⌥ Option ), in that rather than being pressed and held while another key is struck, the dead key is pressed and released before striking the key to be modified. In some computer systems, there is no indication to the user that a dead key has been struck, so the key appears dead (nothing immediately happens), but in some text-entry systems, the diacritic is displayed, along with an indication that the system is waiting for another keystroke to complete the typing sequence.

Computers,^{[ which? ]} however, work differently. The dead key temporarily changes the mapping of the keyboard for the next keystroke, which activates a special keyboard mode rather than actually generating a modifier character. Instead of the normal letter, a precomposed variant, with the appropriate diacritic, is generated. Each combination of a diacritic and a base letter must be specified in the character set and must be supported by the font in use.

There is no precomposed character to combine the acute accent with the letter q, striking ´ and then q is likely to result in ´q, with the accent and letter as separate characters. However, in some systems, the invalid typing sequence may be discarded. (By using the combining characters available in the Unicode character set, it may be possible to generate a combination that more or less looks like a q with an acute accent (q́), but that technique is quite distinct from the dead key functionality. In addition, since a letter like q does not normally take accents, font makers may not include the font attributes necessary for a combining accent to be applied successfully or in an attractive way. It is necessary to test this usage on a font by font basis, since support for accenting in this way varies considerably.)

Chained dead keys

Unicode encoded over one hundred precomposed characters with two diacritics, for use in Latin script for Vietnamese and a number of other languages. For convenience, they are generated on most keyboards supporting them, by pressing the two corresponding deadkeys in any order, followed by the letter key. Therefore, these dead keys are chained, which means that the second keystroke does not trigger any insertion, the system being still awaiting another key press.

This chained dead key behavior is toggled by the dead key flag, which is the fourth argument of the DEADTRANS function (after the base character code, the diacritic code, and the composed character code). If this flag is set to its default value zero, the composed character is inserted; if it is set to one, the composed character code is handled as another diacritic code like those due to dead key presses, and occurs typically as a second argument in other dead list entries.

Chaining dead keys allows for compose key emulation by simply using the dead key feature. This may be performed either with proprietary keyboard editing software, ^[3] or with driver development kits. ^[4]

Dead keys on various keyboard layouts

Main articles: Keyboard layout, QWERTY, AZERTY, and QWERTZ

A key may function as a dead key by default, and many non-English keyboard layouts in particular have dead keys directly on the keyboard. The basic US keyboard does not have any dead keys, but the US-International keyboard layout, available on Windows and the X Window System, places some dead keys directly on similar-looking punctuation marks. Keyboards sold in most of the rest of the world have an AltGr (Alternative graphic) key, which gives the ability to modify some letters directly and turns others into dead keys (depending on keyboard setting). Old computer systems, such as the MSX, often had a special key labeled dead key, which in combination with the Ctrl and Shift keys could be used to add some of the diacritics commonly needed in the Western European languages (´, `, ˆ and ¨) to vowels that were typed subsequently.

In the absence of a default dead key, even a normal printing key can temporarily be altered to function as a dead key by simultaneously holding down another modifier key (typically AltGr or Option). In Microsoft Word (and in most other text-input fields), using the Control key with a key that usually resembles the diacritic (e.g. ^ for a circumflex) acts as a dead key. ^[5] On the Macintosh, many keyboard layouts employ dead keys. For example, when ⌥ Option+i are first pressed simultaneously and then followed by a, the result is â. ^[6] On a Macintosh, pressing one of these Option-key combinations creates the accent and highlights it, then the final character appears when the key for the base character is pressed.^{[ citation needed ]}

However, some accented Latin letters less common in the major Western European languages, such as ŵ (used in Welsh) or š (used in many Central European languages), cannot be typed with the "US" layout. For users with US keyboards, access to many more diacritics is provided by the "US International" keyboard layout. Users with UK keyboards have a similar option with UK extended layout; many other national settings are available.

In AmigaOS, dead keys are generated by pressing Alt in combination with F (acute), G (grave), H (circumflex), J (tilde) or K (trema) (e.g., the ALT-F combination followed by the a key generates á and ALT-F followed by e generates é, whereas ALT-G followed by a generates à and ALT-G followed by e generates è). ^[7]

See also

• AltGr key  – Modifier key on some computer keyboards
• Bucky bit  – Supplementary bit in keyboard encoding
• Combining character  – Non-spacing character that modifies another character
• Compose key  – Computer key to initiate glyph merger
• Modifier key  – Class of key on a computer keyboard
• Precomposed character  – Accented character with single codepoint
• Sticky keys  – Accessibility feature
• Windows Alt keycodes  – Method for entering characters into a computer

References

1. "Dead Key | Definition of Dead Key by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
2. The Unicode Standard, version 8.0.0, ch.05, §12 Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks: Keyboard Input | https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/ch05.pdf#G1076
3. "Chained dead keys". Kbdedit.com. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
4. "Download Windows Driver Kit Version 7.1.0 from Official Microsoft Download Center". Microsoft.com. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
5. "How do I get letters with accent marks in Microsoft Word?". www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
6. "Enter characters with accent marks on Mac". Apple Support. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
7. Commodore-Amiga, Inc. (1992). AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference Manual LIBRARIES. Addison-Wesley. pp. 823–827. ISBN   0-201-56774-1.

External links

• Microsoft Office Keyboard shortcuts for international characters