Some species are perennial, whereas others are annual.[3] The leaves are palmate[4][5][6][7] with alternate (spiral) phyllotaxis.[8] The inflorescences are racemose,[3] typically with blue flowers.[8] The flowers have five sepals[1] and a zygomorphic shape. That is, the flowers are symmetrical in only one plane. In most species, the inner petals, which are reduced[9] and completely enclosed by the sepal whorl, have a pair of nectar spurs that force pollinators to move back and forth to get nectar from both spurs.[8] The petals are also dorsally spurred.[1] Flowers tend to have many stamens.[3] Flowers have varying numbers of carpels: 3 in Staphisagria, 3–5 in Aconitum, 6–13 in Gymnaconitum, 1 in Delphinium subg. Consolida, and 3–5 in other subgenera of Delphinium. The flowers are protandrous, meaning that they are male before they are female. Additionally, the flowers are herkogamous: the anthers and stigma are spatially separated. In the western Mediterranean, species tend to be xenogamous. Some species are strictly xenogamous. Others, especially annuals or species in the genus Staphisagria, are more able to self-fertilize. Species that self-fertilize more frequently tend to have less complex flowers with fewer stamens and fewer carpels.[3]
Taxonomy
Relationship between members of the tribe Delphinieae
Before the 21st century, the tribe Delphinieae included the genera AconitumL., DelphiniumL., Consolida(DC.) S. F. Gray, and AconitellaSpach.[10] However, classification has since been revised on the basis of molecular data. Aconitella and Consolida are now considered part of Delphinium. Delphinium subg. Staphisagria is now considered its own genus, Staphisagria. Aconitum gymnandrum has been placed in its own genus, Gymnaconitum.[11]
Nigelleae is the tribe most closely related to Delphinieae.[9] It is estimated that Staphisagria diverged from the rest of the Delphinieae tribe about 32.5million years ago during the Oligocene.[8]
Distribution
Species of Delphinieae are found in Eurasia and North America, with some species in Africa.[2] Delphinieae have a center of diversity in the Himalayas.[8]
1 2 Jabbour, Florian; Renner, Susanne S. (2012). "A phylogeny of Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) shows that Aconitum is nested within Delphinium and that Late Miocene transition to long life cycles in the Himalayas and Southwest China coincide with bursts in diversification". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (3): 928–942. Bibcode:2012MolPE..62..928J. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.005. PMID22182994.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Jabbour, Florian; Renner, Susanne S. (2012). "Spurs in a Spur: Perianth Evolution in the Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (9): 1036–1054. doi:10.1086/667613.
↑ Wang, Wei; Liu, Yang; Yu, Sheng-Xiang; Gao, Tiang-Gang; Chen, Zhi-Duan (2013). "Gymnaconitum, a new genus of Ranunculaceae endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau". Taxon. 62 (4): 713–722. doi:10.12705/624.10.
↑ Warnock, Michael J. (1993). "Delphinium". In Hickman, James C. (ed.). The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.(July 2024)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.