Democratic deficit

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A democratic deficit (or democracy deficit) occurs when ostensibly-democratic organizations or institutions (particularly governments) fall short of fulfilling the principles of democracy in their practices or operation. Representative and linked parliamentary integrity have become widely discussed. [1] The qualitative expression of the democratic deficit is the difference between the democracy indices of a country from the highest possible values.

Contents

The phrase "democratic deficit" is cited as first being used by the Young European Federalists in their Manifesto in 1977, [2] which was drafted by Richard Corbett. It was also used by David Marquand in 1979, referring to the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the European Union. [3]

Voting rights

The term "democratic deficit" is commonly used to refer to situations where territories under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state do not enjoy equal participation in electing representatives that legislate for them. Examples include:

Tokelau, a dependent territory of New Zealand with no representation in the New Zealand Parliament, could also be said to be in a similar position. [12] However, in practice, no legislation from New Zealand is extended to Tokelau without the territory's consent. [13]

Multinational organizations

Some scholars have argued that the ratification of European Union treaties by repeated referendums, such as those held in Ireland for the Treaty of Nice and the Treaty of Lisbon, is also associated with a democratic deficit. [14] National parliaments have given up power to the centralised European Parliament. As European Union citizens elect those who make up Council who then elect those become that Commissioners, there is a real fear it is too distant for many citizens. [15] Often, EU elections are treated as second-order elections; with protest votes more common during national and local elections, example of this would be the success of anti-immigration parties such as Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy. Another problem in the EU is that voters vote more on the basis of national issues in the European Parliament elections and that the election is more used by voters to punish their government in the middle of their term. [16] There is also insufficiently a European public opinion or European public sphere that votes against or rewards European politicians. [17] Another problem is the big influence of lobbying groups on European institutions. [18] [19] The European Parliament was created to give more democratic legitimacy to the EU but shares legislative power with the Council of the European Union, which has one vote per country.

The UN Parliamentary Assembly has been proposed as a way of ameliorating a democratic deficit within the United Nations. [20]

Other examples

Voter turnout at the American presidential elections of 2008 according to income Voter Turnout by Income, 2008 US Presidential Election.png
Voter turnout at the American presidential elections of 2008 according to income

A study of the Columbia University concluded that policy in US states is congruent with the majority only half the time. The largest influences were found to be legislative professionalization, term limits, and issue salience. Partisanship and interest groups affect the ideological balance of incongruence more than the aggregate degree thereof. Policy is found to be overresponsive to ideology and party, which leads policy to be polarized relative to state electorates. [21] The large differences in voter turnout during US elections for various income groups are also seen as a problem for the functioning of democracy. [22] Sanford Levinson argues that campaign financing and gerrymandering are seen as serious problems for democracy, but another of the root causes of the American democratic deficit lies in the US Constitution itself. [23] For example, there is a lack of representation in the US Senate for highly populated states such as California as all states in the United States regardless of population receive 2 seats in the Senate. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Malta</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of the United Kingdom</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of the Netherlands</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suffrage</span> Right to vote in public and political elections

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections and referendums. In some languages, and occasionally in English, the right to vote is called active suffrage, as distinct from passive suffrage, which is the right to stand for election. The combination of active and passive suffrage is sometimes called full suffrage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Russia</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electoral Reform Society</span> British advocacy group for electoral reform

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Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they desire to see elected. The method by which the winner or winners of a direct election are chosen depends upon the electoral system used. The most commonly used systems are the plurality system and the two-round system for single-winner elections, such as a presidential election, and proportional representation for the election of a legislature or executive.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in the United States</span>

In the politics of the United States, elections are held for government officials at the federal, state, and local levels. At the federal level, the nation's head of state, the president, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College. Today, these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state. All members of the federal legislature, the Congress, are directly elected by the people of each state. There are many elected offices at state level, each state having at least an elective governor and legislature. There are also elected offices at the local level, in counties, cities, towns, townships, boroughs, and villages; as well as for special districts and school districts which may transcend county and municipal boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections to the European Parliament</span>

Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage; with more than 400 million people eligible to vote, they are the second largest democratic elections in the world after India's.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elections in Malta</span>

Malta elects on a national level 6 MEPs representing Malta in the European Parliament, on a district level the legislature, on a local level the local councils, and on a community level the Administrative Committees.

Suffrage, the right to vote, is sometimes extended to non-citizens. This right varies widely by place in terms of which non-citizens are allowed to vote and in which elections, though there has been a trend over the last 30 years to enfranchise more non-citizens, especially in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Democratic legitimacy of the European Union</span>

The question of whether the governance of the European Union (EU) lacks democratic legitimacy has been debated since the time of the European Economic Community in the late 1970s. This led in part to an elected European Parliament being created in 1979 and given the power to approve or reject EU legislation. Since then, usage of the term has broadened to describe newer issues facing the European Union. Voter turnout at the elections to the European Parliament fell consecutively at every election from the first in 1979 up to 2014 when it hit a low of 42.54%, before finally rising in 2019. The 2014 turnout figure is lower than that of any national election in the 27 countries of the European Union, where turnout at national elections averages 68% across the EU.

Electoral reform is a change in electoral systems which alters how public desires are expressed in election results.

As of 2020 a total of 141 countries grant expatriates the right to vote in elections in their countries of origin. There is considerable variation across countries in regard to voter eligibility, voting modalities, i.e. voting in person at diplomatic missions or other physical locations, by mail or online, which elections nonresident citizens may vote in, i.e. elections of the national legislature, executive elections, referendums, or sub-national elections, and how nonresident citizen voters are represented. The number of countries enfranchising nonresident citizens accelerated significantly in the 1990s. Social scientists have advanced a number of claims about the causes and consequences of this development and debated its normative implications or pros and cons of nonresident citizen voting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voter turnout in the European Parliament elections</span>

Elections to the European Parliament saw declining voter turnout between 1979 and 2014. However, voter turnout in 2019 European elections increased by 8 points compared to 2014. In spite of this exception for all Member States, the electoral mobilization remains weak compared to the national parliamentary elections. Moreover, turnout significantly differs from one country to another in Europe and across a time: in 2019 Belgium citizens participated the most with 88.47% and Slovakians the less with 22.74%. The potential factors that might influence these trends and their implications have attracted great scholarly attention. Identifying and analysing the factors that determine the relative low turnout at European elections is therefore critical, as it is one element that weakens the democratic legitimacy of the European Parliament.

References

  1. ↑ "A democratic deficit occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions, in fact, fall short of fulfilling what are believed to be the principles of democracy." Sanford Levinson, How the United States Constitution Contributes to the Democratic Deficit in America, 55 Drake L. Rev. 859, 860 (2007).
  2. ↑ Richard (10 October 1977). "The first use of the term "democratic deficit"".
  3. ↑ Marquand, David (1979). Parliament for Europe . Cape. p.  64. ISBN   978-0-224-01716-9. The resulting 'democratic deficit' would not be acceptable in a Community committed to democratic principles.
    Chalmers, Damian; et al. (2006). European Union law: text and materials. Cambridge University Press. p.  64. ISBN   978-0-521-52741-5. 'Democratic deficit' is a term coined in 1979 by the British political scientist . . . David Marquand .
    Meny, Yves (2003). "De La Democratie En Europe: Old Concepts and New Challenges". Journal of Common Market Studies. 41: 1–13. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.t01-1-00408. S2CID   154742986. Since David Marquand coined his famous phrase 'democratic deficit' to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit.
  4. ↑ Laughland, Oliver (13 October 2014). "Trauma, segregation, isolation: Christmas Island, the tropical outpost where asylum seekers are held against their will". the Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Mathews, Kelvin (1 September 2017). "Delegated legislation and the democratic deficit: The case of Christmas Island". Australasian Parliamentary Review. Australasian Study of Parliament Group: 32-38. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Wettenhall, Roger (27 November 2015). "The lands that democracy forgot: ignoring the rights of Norfolk, Christmas and Cocos islanders". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  7. ↑ Wekking, Noor (9 May 2022). "Democratisch tekort in het Koninkrijk" [Democratic deficit in the Kingdom]. Bulletineke Justitia (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  8. ↑ Clegg, Peter; Stæhr Harder, Mette Marie; Nauclér, Elisabeth; Alomar, Rafael Cox (7 June 2022). "Parliamentary representation of overseas territories in the metropolis: a comparative analysis". Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 60 (3). Informa UK Limited: 229–253. doi: 10.1080/14662043.2022.2065623 . ISSN   1466-2043.
  9. ↑ Jones, Colin P.A. (31 August 2022). "The Territorial and District Representation Amendment: A Proposal". Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law. 36 (2): 175. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  10. ↑ Colón, Rafael Hernández (1998). "Doing Right by Puerto Rico: Congress Must Act". Foreign Affairs. 77 (4). JSTOR: 112–114. doi:10.2307/20048972. ISSN   0015-7120. JSTOR   20048972.
  11. ↑ Efrati, Maya (18 March 2022). "DC Statehood Explained". Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  12. ↑ Angelo, Tony; Pasikale, Talei (2008). "Tokelau: A History of Government" (PDF). Government of Tokelau. Wellington, New Zealand: MTC. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 January 2024.
  13. ↑ "Tokelau Government". Government of Tokelau. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Jerzak, Connor T. (1 September 2014). "The EU's Democratic Deficit and Repeated Referendums in Ireland" (PDF). International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 27 (3): 367–388. doi:10.1007/s10767-014-9185-8. S2CID   144466639 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2024.
  15. ↑ Follesdal, Andreas; Hix, Simon (September 2006). "Why There Is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik". Journal of Common Market Studies. 44 (3): 533–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00650.x . S2CID   154774453 .
  16. ↑ Reif, K. and Schmitt, H. (1980) 'Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results'. European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 3–45.
  17. ↑ David Ward (2002) The European Union Democratic Deficit and the Public Sphere: An Evaluation of EU Media Policy. IOS Press.
  18. ↑ Rudenkova, Daria. "Interest Representation: Can Lobbying Regulation Help EU Overcome Democratic Deficit?". Euroacademia. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023.
  19. ↑ Karr, Karolina (2007). Democracy and lobbying in the European Union. Campus Verlag. p. 10. ISBN   9783593384122.
  20. ↑ "Commission of Latin American Parliament joins call for UN Parliamentary Assembly". Campaign for a UN Parliament. 14 June 2008. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  21. ↑ R. Lax, Jeffrey; H. Phillips, Justin. "The Democratic Deficit in the States" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023.
  22. ↑ "Voter Turnout By Income, 2008 US Presidential Election". Demos. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018.
  23. ↑ Levinson, Sanford. "The Democratic Deficit in America". DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023.
  24. ↑ Sanford Levinson (16 October 2006). "Our Broken Constitution". University of Texas School of Law -- News & Events. LA Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
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