Densovirinae

Last updated

Densovirinae
Virus classification Red Pencil Icon.png
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Quintoviricetes
Order: Piccovirales
Family: Parvoviridae
Subfamily:Densovirinae
Genera

See text

Densovirinae [1] is a subfamily of single-stranded DNA viruses in the family Parvoviridae . [2] [3] The subfamily has 11 recognized genera and 21 species. [4] Densoviruses are known to infect members of insect orders Blattodea , Diptera , Hemiptera , Hymenoptera , Lepidoptera , and Orthoptera , while some viruses infect and multiply in crustaceans such as shrimp or crayfish, or sea stars from phylum Echinodermata. [3]

Contents

Virology

Densoviruses are small (18–26 nanometers in diameter) and non enveloped. Virions are icosahedral in shape with triangulation number (T) = 1. There are 60 copies of the coat protein in the virion. Each copy has a shape described as a "quadrilateral 'kite-shaped' wedge", and the appearance of the surface is rough with many small projections. Virions do not appear to contain lipids. [5] [6]

Genomes are non-segmented, about 4–6 kilobases in length and usually contain two or three open reading frames. The 5' open reading frame encodes two nonstructural proteins (NS-1 and NS-2) and the 3' open reading frame encodes two or three capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3). Both the 5' and 3' termini have hairpin loops. If a third open reading frame is present (depends on the genus) it encodes a second non structural protein. The genome is ambisense, encoding proteins on both the positive sense and negative sense directions. Transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional modification are used to produce different nonstructural proteins and structural proteins. [7] [8] [9] [6]

Virions enter the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which may be mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis [10] or clathrin-independent dynamin-dependent endocytosis. [11] The NS-1 protein has a superfamily 3 DNA helicase and an HuH endonuclease motif. These motifs are common in small DNA viruses. The proteins that contain these motifs bind to the viral origins of replication and unwind and nick these origins, allowing access by the host's proteins to the viral genome for replication and transcription. The genome is replicated by a unique rolling hairpin mechanism. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the manner of transcription. [3] [10]

Taxonomy

Eleven genera are currently recognized, containing a combined 21 species: [4]

Ambidensovirus was previously recognized as a genus, but in 2019 it was split into the six genera prefixed with Aqu-, Blatt-, Hemi-, Pefu-, Proto-, and Scindo-. [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parvoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Parvoviruses are a family of animal viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. They have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes that typically contain two genes encoding for a replication initiator protein, called NS1, and the protein the viral capsid is made of. The coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end that form into hairpin loops that are important during replication. Parvovirus virions are small compared to most viruses, at 23–28 nanometers in diameter, and contain the genome enclosed in an icosahedral capsid that has a rugged surface.

<i>Birnaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Birnaviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Salmonid fish, birds and insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently 11 species in this family, divided among seven genera. Diseases associated with this family include infectious pancreatic necrosis in salmonid fish, which causes significant losses to the aquaculture industry, with chronic infection in adult salmonid fish and acute viral disease in young salmonid fish.

<i>Orbivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orbivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae and subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Unlike other reoviruses, orbiviruses are arboviruses. They can infect and replicate within a wide range of arthropod and vertebrate hosts. Orbiviruses are named after their characteristic doughnut-shaped capsomers.

Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1, formerly Canine minute virus is a species of Bocaparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae that infects dogs. It is similar to bovine parvovirus in its protein structure and DNA. A virus causing respiratory disease in humans has been called human bocavirus due to its similarity to these viruses. Canine minute virus was originally discovered in Germany in 1967 in military dogs, although it was originally thought to not cause disease. Dogs and puppies are infected orally, and the virus is spread transplacentally to the fetuses. Symptoms are seen most commonly between the ages of one to three weeks and include severe diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and anorexia. In severe cases, illness can be fatal.

<i>Dependoparvovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Dependoparvovirus is a genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae; they are Group II viruses according to the Baltimore classification. Some dependoparvoviruses are also known as adeno-associated viruses because they cannot replicate productively in their host cell without the cell being coinfected by a helper virus such as an adenovirus, a herpesvirus, or a vaccinia virus.

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is the name given to all viruses in the genus Bocaparvovirus of virus family Parvoviridae that are known to infect humans. HBoV1 and HBoV3 are members of species Primate bocaparvovirus 1 whereas viruses HBoV2 and HBoV4 belong to species Primate bocaparvovirus 2. Some of these viruses cause human disease. HBoV1 is strongly implicated in causing some cases of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in young children, and several of the viruses have been linked to gastroenteritis, although the full clinical role of this emerging infectious disease remains to be elucidated.

<i>Erythroparvovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Erythroparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Primates serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include fifth disease and skin lesions.

Bocaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Humans, cattle, and dogs serve as natural hosts. There are 28 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include, in humans, acute respiratory illness, and in cattle, diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms.

<i>Ampullaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Ampullaviridae is a family of viruses that infect archaea of the genus Acidianus. Only one genus in this family has been described, Bottigliavirus, which contains three species. The name of the family and genus is derived from the Latin word for bottle, ampulla, due to the virions having the shape of a bottle. The family was first described during an investigation of the microbial flora of hot springs in Italy.

Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the family Parvoviridae. There are six recognized species: Chiropteran tetraparvovirus 1, Primate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 4.

<i>Bidensovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Bidensovirus is a genus of single stranded DNA viruses that infect invertebrates. The species in this genus were originally classified in the family Parvoviridae but were moved to a new genus because of significant differences in the genomes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minute virus of mice</span> Virus

Minute virus of mice (MVM) is the exemplar virus of the species Rodent protoparvovirus 1, in the genus Protoparvovirus of the Parvoviridae family of viruses. MVM exists in multiple variant forms including MVMp, which is the prototype strain that infects cells of fibroblast origin, while MVMi, the immunosuppressive strain, infects T lymphocytes. MVM is a common infection in laboratory mice due to its highly contagious nature. The virus can be shed from infected mice via feces and urine, but also via fomites and nasal secretions. Typically there are no clinical signs of infection in adult mice, however, experimental infection can cause multiple organ damage during fetal development or shortly after birth.

<i>Protoparvovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Protoparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the Parvovirinae subfamily of the virus family Parvoviridae. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in the genus including Rodent protoparvovirus 1 for which the exemplar virus is minute virus of mice (MVM). This genus also includes canine parvovirus (CPV), which causes gastrointestinal tract damage in puppies that is about 80% fatal, and porcine parvovirus (PPV), which is a major cause of fetal death and infertility in pigs. The genus divides phylogenetically into two branches, one that contains many founder members of the family, such as MVM, CPV and PPV, which have been studied in considerable detail, and a second branch occupied exclusively by predicted viruses whose coding sequences were identified recently in the wild using virus discovery approaches, but whose biology remains minimally explored. This second branch currently contains two species whose members infect humans, called Primate protoparvovirus 1 and Primate protoparvovirus 3. Until 2014, the genus was called Parvovirus, but it was renamed to eliminate confusion between members of this genus and members of the entire family Parvoviridae.

Tristromaviridae is a family of viruses. Archaea of the genera Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum serve as natural hosts. Tristromaviridae is the sole family in the order Primavirales. There are two genera and three species in the family.

Brevihamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae. Mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus.

Iteradensovirus is a genus of viruses in the subfamily Densovirinae of the family Parvoviridae. Insects serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus.

Aveparvovirus is a genus of viruses, in the subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. There are three species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: enteric disease and malabsorption syndrome.

Copiparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Parvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Pigs and cows are known to serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus.

Hepanhamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses that belongs to the Hapanhamavirinae subfamily of the family Parvoviridae. Insects and shrimps serve as natural hosts. Infection leads to mortality in the early larval and postlarval stages of the shrimp. There is only one species in this genus: Decapod hepanhamaparvovirus 1.

Penstylhamaparvovirus is the name of a genus of viruses in the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the virus family Parvoviridae. Shrimps and insects serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Decapod penstylhamaparvovirus 1.

References

  1. ↑ "Subfamily: Densovirinae". ICTV Report on Virus Taxonomy (10th Report). ICTV. Retrieved 13 May 2020.[ dead link ]
  2. ↑ Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMC   6537627 . PMID   30672729.
  3. 1 2 3 "ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae".
  4. 1 2 "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  5. ↑ "Densovirinae". ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database, version 4. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  6. 1 2 Simpson AA, Chipman PR, Baker TS, Tijssen P, Rossmann MG (November 1998). "The structure of an insect parvovirus (Galleria mellonella densovirus) at 3.7 A resolution". Structure. 6 (11): 1355–67. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00136-1. PMC   4167665 . PMID   9817847.
  7. ↑ Pham HT, Huynh OT, Jousset FX, Bergoin M, Tijssen P (August 2013). "Junonia coenia Densovirus (JcDNV) Genome Structure". Genome Announcements. 1 (4). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00591-13. PMC   3738899 . PMID   23929483.
  8. ↑ Dumas B, Jourdan M, Pascaud AM, Bergoin M (November 1992). "Complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned infectious genome of Junonia coenia densovirus reveals an organization unique among parvoviruses". Virology. 191 (1): 202–22. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90182-O. PMID   1413502.
  9. ↑ Bruemmer A, Scholari F, Lopez-Ferber M, Conway JF, Hewat EA (April 2005). "Structure of an insect parvovirus (Junonia coenia Densovirus) determined by cryo-electron microscopy". Journal of Molecular Biology. 347 (4): 791–801. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.02.009. PMID   15769470.
  10. 1 2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  11. ↑ Wang Y, Gosselin Grenet AS, Castelli I, Cermenati G, Ravallec M, Fiandra L, Debaisieux S, Multeau C, Lautredou N, Dupressoir T, Li Y, Casartelli M, Ogliastro M (November 2013). "Densovirus crosses the insect midgut by transcytosis and disturbs the epithelial barrier function". Journal of Virology. 87 (22): 12380–91. doi:10.1128/JVI.01396-13. PMC   3807927 . PMID   24027326.
  12. ↑ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Ambidensovirus". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.