Dichlorofluorescein

Last updated
Dichlorofluorescein
Dichlorofluorescein.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2′,7′-Dichloro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-3H-spiro[[2]benzofuran-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.881 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C20H10Cl2O5/c21-13-5-11-17(7-15(13)23)26-18-8-16(24)14(22)6-12(18)20(11)10-4-2-1-3-9(10)19(25)27-20/h1-8,23-24H Yes check.svgY
    Key: VFNKZQNIXUFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C20H10Cl2O5/c21-13-5-11-17(7-15(13)23)26-18-8-16(24)14(22)6-12(18)20(11)10-4-2-1-3-9(10)19(25)27-20/h1-8,23-24H
    Key: VFNKZQNIXUFLBC-UHFFFAOYAO
  • InChI=1S/C20H10Cl2O5/c21-13-5-11-17(7-15(13)23)26-18-8-16(24)14(22)6-12(18)20(11)10-4-2-1-3-9(10)19(25)27-20/h1-8,23-24H
    Key: VFNKZQNIXUFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • Clc5cc4c(Oc1cc(O)c(Cl)cc1C34OC(=O)c2c3cccc2)cc5O
Properties
C20H10Cl2O5
Molar mass 401.20 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Dichlorofluorescein (DCF) is an organic dye of the fluorescein family, being substituted at the 2 and 7 positions by chloride.

It is used as an indicator for argentometry by Fajans method. [1] [2]

When used as an indicator, upon reaching the equivalence point of a titration reaction the color shifts from colorless towards a faint pink.

It is also used in the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay. Dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) is a probe that is trapped within cells and is easily oxidized to fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF). The method measures the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of DCF by 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP)-generated peroxyl radicals in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. [3] By itself, dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) also quantifies intracellular hydrogen peroxide as well as cellular oxidative stress. [4]

Related Research Articles

Chemistry of ascorbic acid Chemical compound

Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula C
6
H
8
O
6
, originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent.

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals and chain reactions that may damage the cells of organisms. Antioxidants such as thiols or ascorbic acid may act to inhibit these reactions. To balance oxidative stress, plants and animals maintain complex systems of overlapping antioxidants, such as glutathione.

Titration Laboratory method for determining the concentration of an analyte

Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte. A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a standard solution of known concentration and volume. The titrant reacts with a solution of analyte to determine the analyte's concentration. The volume of titrant that reacted with the analyte is termed the titration volume.

Glutathione Chemical compound

Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals. It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. The carboxyl group of the cysteine residue is attached by normal peptide linkage to glycine.

Polyphenol Class of chemical compounds

Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring organic compounds characterized by multiples of phenol units. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.

Cyclic voltammetry

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is reached in a CV experiment, the working electrode's potential is ramped in the opposite direction to return to the initial potential. These cycles of ramps in potential may be repeated as many times as needed. The current at the working electrode is plotted versus the applied voltage to give the cyclic voltammogram trace. Cyclic voltammetry is generally used to study the electrochemical properties of an analyte in solution or of a molecule that is adsorbed onto the electrode.

Oxidative stress Free radical toxicity

Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by the ROS generated, e.g., O2 (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling.

Caffeic acid Chemical compound

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. This yellow solid consists of both phenolic and acrylic functional groups. It is found in all plants because it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal components of woody plant biomass and its residues.

ABTS Chemical compound

In biochemistry, ABTS is a chemical compound used to observe the reaction kinetics of specific enzymes. A common use for it is in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the binding of molecules to each other.

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was a method of measuring antioxidant capacities in biological samples in vitro. Because no physiological proof in vivo existed in support of the free-radical theory or that ORAC provided information relevant to biological antioxidant potential, it was withdrawn in 2012.

Antioxidant effect of polyphenols and natural phenols

A polyphenol antioxidant is a hypothetical type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure and studied in vitro. Numbering over 4,000 distinct species mostly from plants, polyphenols may have antioxidant activity in vitro, but are unlikely to be antioxidants in vivo. Hypothetically, they may affect cell-to-cell signaling, receptor sensitivity, inflammatory enzyme activity or gene regulation, although high-quality clinical research has not confirmed any of these possible effects in humans as of 2020.

Procyanidin

Procyanidins are members of the proanthocyanidin class of flavonoids. They are oligomeric compounds, formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They yield cyanidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions.

Folin–Ciocalteu reagent

The Folin–Ciocâlteu reagent (FCR) or Folin's phenol reagent or Folin–Denis reagent, also called the gallic acid equivalence method (GAE), is a mixture of phosphomolybdate and phosphotungstate used for the colorimetric in vitro assay of phenolic and polyphenolic antioxidants. It is named after Otto Folin, Vintilă Ciocâlteu, and Willey Glover Denis. The Folin-Denis reagent is prepared by mixing sodium tungstate and phosphomolybdic acid in phosphoric acid. Folin–Ciocalteu reagent is just a modification of the Folin-Denis reagent. The modification consisted of the addition of lithium sulfate and bromine to the phosphotungstic-phosphomolybdic reagent.

Tyrosol Chemical compound

Tyrosol is a phenylethanoid, a derivative of phenethyl alcohol. It is a natural phenolic antioxidant present in a variety of natural sources. The principal source in the human diet is olive oil. It is also one of the main natural phenols in argan oil. In olive oil, tyrosol forms esters with fatty acids.

Anthocyanin Class of chemical compounds

Anthocyanins are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart gave the name Anthokyan to a chemical compound that gives flowers a blue color for the first time in his treatise “Die Farben der Blüthen”. Food plants rich in anthocyanins include the blueberry, raspberry, black rice, and black soybean, among many others that are red, blue, purple, or black. Some of the colors of autumn leaves are derived from anthocyanins.

In analytical chemistry, argentometry is a type of titration involving the silver(I) ion. Typically, it is used to determine the amount of chloride present in a sample. The sample solution is titrated against a solution of silver nitrate of known concentration. Chloride ions react with silver(I) ions to give the insoluble silver chloride:

Resazurin Chemical compound

Resazurin is a phenoxazine dye that is weakly fluorescent, nontoxic, cell-permeable, and redox‐sensitive. Resazurin has a blue to purple color and is used in microbiological, cellular, and enzymatic assays because it can be irreversibly reduced to the pink-colored and highly fluorescent resorufin (7-Hydroxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one). At circum-neutral pH, resorufin can be detected by visual observation of its pink color or by fluorimetry, with an excitation maximum at 530-570 nm and an emission maximum at 580-590 nm.

Condensed tannin Polymers formed by the condensation of flavans.

Condensed tannins are polymers formed by the condensation of flavans. They do not contain sugar residues.

Naturally occurring phenols Group of chemical compounds

In biochemistry, naturally occurring phenols refers to phenol functional group that is found in natural products. Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures, their role in human health and disease is a subject of research. Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants.

Antioxidative stress is an overabundance of bioavailable antioxidant compounds that interfere with the immune system's ability to neutralize pathogenic threats. The fundamental opposite is oxidative stress, which can lead to such disease states as coronary heart disease or cancer.

References

  1. Kolthoff, I. M.; Lauer, W. M.; Sunde, C. J. (1929). "The Use of Dichlorofluorescein as an Adsorption Indicator for the Argentometric Titration of Chlorides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 51 (11): 3273. doi:10.1021/ja01386a014.
  2. Bambach, Karl; Rider, T. H. (1935). "Volumetric Determinations of Halides: Use of Dichlorofluorescein as an Adsorption Indicator". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition. 7 (3): 165. doi:10.1021/ac50095a012.
  3. Wolfe, K. L.; Liu, R. H. (2007). "Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) Assay for Assessing Antioxidants, Foods, and Dietary Supplements". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (22): 8896–8907. doi:10.1021/jf0715166. PMID   17902627.
  4. LeBel, C. P.; Ischiropoulos, Harry; Bondy, S. C. (1992). "Evaluation of the probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress" (PDF). Chem. Res. Toxicol. 5 (2): 227–231. doi:10.1021/tx00026a012. PMID   1322737.