Ducal Castle, Szczecin

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Ducal Castle
Szczecin zamek4.jpg
General view of the castle
Ducal Castle, Szczecin
General information
Architectural style Gothic, Pomeranian mannerism
Town or city Szczecin
CountryPoland
Coordinates 53°25′34″N14°33′37″E / 53.42611°N 14.56028°E / 53.42611; 14.56028
Construction started1346
Completed1428
Renovated1958–1980
Design and construction
Architect(s)Wilhelm Zachariasz Italus
(mannerist reconstruction)

The Ducal Castle, also known as the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, [lower-alpha 1] and Szczecin Castle, [lower-alpha 2] is a renaissance castle in the city of Szczecin, Poland, located at the Castle Hill in the Stare Miasto (Old Town) neighbourhood, near the Oder river. It is built in the gothic and Pomeranian mannerism architectural style. The castle was the seat of the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin of the House of Pomerania, who ruled the Duchy of Pomerania from 1121 to 1637. The building history originates in 1346, when Duke Barnim III began the construction of the ducal housing complex, and continues to 1428, when, under the rule of Casimir V, it was expanded, forming the castle. Currently, it is one of the largest cultural centres in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.

Contents

History

Barnim the Great of Pomerania-Stettin erected the castle within Szczecin's walls against the will of the burghers in 1346; an older Pomeranian fortification had been leveled in 1249. [1] In 1490 the castle was partially reconstructed for Bogusław X's wedding with Anna Jagiellonka (daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon). [2]

Between 1573 and 1582 the castle was rebuilt again, this time in the mannerist style for Duke John Frederick by Italian stonemasons according to design by Wilhelm Zachariasz Italus. [3] [4] Two new wings were added to close the courtyard before the medieval southern and eastern wings. [3] The main gate was adorned with ducal crest, the eastern wing was enhanced and the northern wing was intended for chapel.

In 1648, due to the tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, the castle become a seat of Swedish governor. [5] Before 1705, another reconstruction prepared the castle for the Queen of Poland, Catherine Opalińska, who lived here with her daughters Anna and Marie Leszczyńska (future Queen of France) and a small court between 1705 and 1711. [5] In 1711 King Stanisław I Leszczyński, seeking refuge from pursuing Saxon and Russian forces, joined his wife and daughters at the castle. [5]

After the Great Northern War, in 1720, the city of Stettin become Prussian and the castle was allocated to the garrison commander Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, whose daughter Sophie Friederike Auguste (the future Catherine II of Russia) was born here in 1729 and was raised in the castle. [5]

Under Swedish and later Prussian rule, the castle was extensively modified. In 1840-1842, a tower in Classical architecture in allusion to the architecture of Karl Friedrich Schinkel was erected, and the south wing was built in the style of Frederician Rococo. [6]

Polish conservators maintain that these modifications during Prussian rule in the 19th century were barbaric, [6] devastating the many Renaissance elements in the castle (arcades, attics, vaulting). [2] Eventually about 60% of the castle was destroyed during World War II (August 1944). [5]

Under Polish rule, the castle was rebuilt between 1958 and 1980 with some modifications. The castle was seen as a point of contact with the lost Slavic past of Szczecin, supporting and legitimizing the expulsion of the German population and consequent Polonization of the city. [6] The castle was restored to its original 16th-century appearance according to Matthäus Merian's engraving of 1653 and other sources. [2] The reference to the Renaissance appearance was important because during that time the city, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, was ruled by the House of Griffin, whose Slavic or even Piast descent is debated among historians. The castle thus became a lieu de mémoire for the new inhabitants of Szczecin.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Polish: Zamek Książąt Pomorskich; German: Schloss der Pommerschen Herzöge, Schloss der Pommerschen Fürsten
  2. ↑ German: Stettiner Schloss

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References

  1. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.121, ISBN   3-88680-272-8
  2. 1 2 3 "History". zamek.szczecin.pl. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  3. 1 2 "Historia". zamek.szczecin.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  4. ↑ Kazimiera Kalita Skwirzyńska, Ewa Prync-Pommerencke. "Zamki i dwory renesansowe". www.pomorskiezamki.pl (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Szczecin". www.zamkipolskie.com (in Polish). Retrieved 2009-12-28.
  6. 1 2 3 Peter Oliver Loew, Christian Pletzing, Thomas Serrier (2006). Wiedergewonnene Geschichte: zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas (in German). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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