Emily Oster | |
---|---|
Born | |
Occupation(s) | Professor Author |
Spouse | Jesse Shapiro |
Children | 2 |
Parent(s) | Sharon Oster and Ray Fair |
Academic background | |
Education | Harvard University (BA, PhD) |
Doctoral advisor | Michael Kremer |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of Chicago Brown University |
Notable works | Expecting Better,Cribsheet,The Family Firm |
Emily Fair Oster (born February 14,1980) is an American economist who has served as the Royce Family Professor of Teaching Excellence at Brown University since 2019,where she has been a professor of economics since 2015. [1] [2] Her research interests span from development economics and health economics to research design and experimental methodology. Her research was brought to the attention of non-economists through the Wall Street Journal ,the book SuperFreakonomics ,and her 2007 TED Talk.
Oster is the author of four books,Expecting Better,The Family Firm, [3] The Unexpected,and Cribsheet,which discuss a data-driven approach to decision-making in pregnancy and parenting. [4] [5]
Oster was born on February 14,1980,in New Haven,Connecticut. Her parents,Sharon Oster and Ray Fair,were both professors of economics at Yale University. [6] [7] When she was two years old,Oster's parents noticed that she talked to herself in her crib after they left her room. They placed a tape recorder in her room in order to find out what she was saying and passed the tapes on to a linguist and psychologist with whom they were friends. Analysis of Oster's speech showed that her language was much more complex when she was alone than when interacting with adults. This led to her being the subject of a series of academic papers which were collectively published as a compendium in 1989 titled Narratives from the Crib. [8] [9]
After graduating from Choate Rosemary Hall in 1998,Oster studied economics at Harvard University,graduating in 2002 with a Bachelor of Arts. She then did doctoral studies in economics at Harvard under Michael Kremer. She received a Ph.D. in 2006 with a thesis entitled "The Economics of Infectious Disease". [1] [10] [11]
From 2006 to 2007,Oster was a Becker Fellow at the Becker Center on Chicago Price Theory at the University of Chicago,where she was an assistant professor at the Department of Economics from 2007 to 2009,an assistant professor at the Booth School of Business from 2009 to 2011,and an associate professor from 2011 to 2014. [12] [1] She became a tenured associate professor of economics at Brown University in 2015,where she has been a full professor of economics since 2016 and the Royce Family Professor of Teaching Excellence since 2019. [1] [13] [5] She is also the CEO of ParentData,which she founded in 2020.
Oster has been a research associate at the NBER since 2015,where she was a faculty research fellow from 2006 to 2015,and has been an associate editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics since 2014. [1]
Oster's research focuses generally on development economics and health. In 2005,Oster published a dissertation for her economics Ph.D. from Harvard University,which suggested that the unusually high ratio of men to women in China was partially due to the effects of the hepatitis B virus. [14] "Hepatitis B and the Case of the Missing Women," [15] [9] pointed to findings that suggested areas with high hepatitis B rates tended to have higher male-to female birth ratios. Oster argued that the fact that hepatitis B can cause a woman to conceive male children more often than female,accounted for a bulk of the "missing women" in Amartya Sen's 1990 essay,"More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing." [16] Oster noted that the use of hepatitis B vaccine in 1982 led to a sharp decline in the male-to-female birth ratio. [9] Sen's essay had attributed the "missing women" to societal discrimination against girls and women in the form of the allocation of health,educational,and food resources. [9]
In April 2008,Oster released a working paper "Hepatitis B Does Not Explain Male-Biased Sex Ratios in China" in which she evaluated new data,which showed that her original research was incorrect. [17] Freakonomics author Steven Levitt saw this as a sign of integrity. [18]
In a 2007 TED Talk,Oster discussed the spread of HIV in Africa,applying a cost-benefit analysis to the question of why African men have been slow to change their sexual behavior. [19]
Oster's work on television and female empowerment in India was featured in Steve Levitt's second book, SuperFreakonomics . [20]
In her book,Expecting Better,published in 2013,Oster criticizes conventional pregnancy customs,taboos and mores. She discusses the data behind common pregnancy practices and argues that many of them are misleading. [21] As of March 2019,the book has sold over 100,000 copies. [22] A revised and updated version of the book was published in 2021.
In the book,Oster argues against the general rule of thumb to avoid alcohol consumption while pregnant,contends that there is no evidence that (low) levels of alcohol consumption by pregnant women adversely affect their children. [23] This claim,however,has drawn criticism from the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome [24] and others. [25]
Her second book,Cribsheet, was published in April 2019 and was a New York Times best seller. [26] [27] It evaluates and reviews the research on a variety of parenting topics relating to infants and toddlers,including breastfeeding,safe sleep guidelines,sleep training,and potty training. [28] [29] The week of April 28,2019,Cribsheet was also the best selling book in Washington,DC according to the Post. [30]
Her third book,The Family Firm:A Data-Driven Guide to Better Decision Making in the Early School Years, applies to school age children. A review discusses the relationship of her parenting approach to more permissive parenting ideas dating back to the pre-Reagan era. [31]
Oster was an advocate for opening schools during the coronavirus epidemic,spearheading a project to collect data on the spread of coronavirus in schools, [32] and appearing frequently in media discussing why schools should open. In early October 2020,she wrote an influential and much cited article in The Atlantic entitled "Schools Aren't Super-Spreaders" which inspired numerous articles. [33] [34] [35] Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos and the CDC cited Oster's work as a reason to open schools during the pandemic. [36] [37] In August 2020,Oster launched a dashboard compiling information on the spread of COVID-19 in schools. Critics of Oster's dashboard said it had methodological problems that they believe undermine its usefulness. [38]
In September 2021,Oster launched the Covid-19 School Data Hub which includes information on virtual and in person status of schools across 31 states. According to The New York Times,the data hub is "one of the most comprehensive efforts yet to document how schools operated during the pandemic." [39]
On October 31,2022, The Atlantic published an opinion piece written by Oster in which she called for "amnesty" following the COVID-19 pandemic,citing the "tremendous uncertainty" surrounding topics such as the virus,face masks,social distancing,school closures and COVID-19 vaccines. [40]
Emily is the daughter of Sharon Oster and Ray Fair,both professors of economics at Yale University. She married Jesse Shapiro,also an economist, [41] in June 2006, [42] and they have two children.
John Richard Lott Jr. is an American economist,political commentator,and gun rights advocate. Lott was formerly employed at various academic institutions and at the American Enterprise Institute conservative think tank. He is the former president of the Crime Prevention Research Center,a nonprofit he founded in 2013. He worked in the Office of Justice Programs within the U.S. Department of Justice under the Donald Trump administration from October 2020 to January 2021. Lott holds a Ph.D. in economics from UCLA.
A theory regarding the effect of legalized abortion on crime is a controversial hypothesis about the reduction in crime in the decades following the legalization of abortion. Proponents argue that the availability of abortion resulted in fewer births of children at the highest risk of committing crime. The earliest research suggesting such an effect was a 1966 study in Sweden. In 2001,Steven Levitt of the University of Chicago and John Donohue of Yale University,citing their research and earlier studies,argued that children who are unwanted or whose parents cannot support them are likelier to become criminals. This idea was further popularized by its inclusion in the book Freakonomics,which Levitt co-wrote.
Steven David Levitt is an American economist and co-author of the best-selling book Freakonomics and its sequels. Levitt was the winner of the 2003 John Bates Clark Medal for his work in the field of crime,and is currently the William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor of Economics at the University of Chicago as well as the Faculty Director and Co-Founder of the Center for Radical Innovation for Social Change at the University of Chicago which incubates the Data Science for Everyone coalition. He was co-editor of the Journal of Political Economy published by the University of Chicago Press until December 2007. In 2009,Levitt co-founded TGG Group,a business and philanthropy consulting company. He was chosen as one of Time magazine's "100 People Who Shape Our World" in 2006. A 2011 survey of economics professors named Levitt their fourth favorite living economist under the age of 60,after Paul Krugman,Greg Mankiw and Daron Acemoglu.
Roland Gerhard Fryer Jr. is an American economist and professor at Harvard University.
The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs,soon to be renamed Watson School for International and Public Affairs,is an interdisciplinary research center at Brown University in Providence,Rhode Island. Its mission is to promote a just and peaceful world through research,teaching,and public engagement. The institute's research focuses on three main areas:development,security,and governance. Its faculty include anthropologists,economists,political scientists,sociologists,and historians,as well as journalists and other practitioners.
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Sharon Monica Oster was an American economist. She was the Frederic D. Wolfe Professor Emerita of Management and Entrepreneurship and the dean of Yale School of Management,where she was the first woman to receive tenure,and the first female dean. She was widely known as an economist focusing on business strategy and non-profit organization management.
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Ray Clarence Fair is the John M. Musser Professor of Economics at Yale University.
Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh is an American sociologist and urban ethnographer. He is William B. Ransford Professor of Sociology &African-American Studies at Columbia University,a position he has held since 1999. In his work,Venkatesh has studied gangs and underground economies,public housing,advertising and technology. As of 2018,he is the Director of Signal:The Tech &Society Lab at Columbia University.
Peter T. Leeson is an American economist and the Duncan Black Professor of Economics and Law at George Mason University. In 2012 Big Think listed him among "Eight of the World's Top Young Economists". He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
In the context of human demographics,the term "missing women" indicates a shortfall in the number of women relative to the expected number of women in a region or country. It is most often measured through male-to-female sex ratios,and is theorized to be caused by sex-selective abortions,female infanticide,and inadequate healthcare and nutrition for female children. It is argued that technologies that enable prenatal sex selection,which have been commercially available since the 1970s,are a large impetus for missing female children.
Jesse M. Shapiro is an American economist who has served as the George Gund Professor of Economics and Business Administration at Harvard University since 2022. He was previously the George S. and Nancy B. Parker Professor of Economics at Brown University from 2015 to 2019,and the Eastman Professor of Political Economy at Brown from 2019 to 2021. He received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2021.
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Nancy Qian is a Chinese American economist and currently serves as the James J. O'Connor Professor of economics at the Kellogg School of Management MEDS and a Professor by Courtesy at the Department of Economics at Northwestern University. Her research interests include development economics,political economy and economic history. She is a leading development economist and an expert of autocracies and the Chinese economy.
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