Enterococcus casseliflavus

Enterococcus casseliflavus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Bacillati
Phylum:	Bacillota
Class:	Bacilli
Order:	Lactobacillales
Family:	Enterococcaceae
Genus:	Enterococcus
Species:	E. casseliflavus
Binomial name
Enterococcus casseliflavus Collins et al. 1984 [1]
Synonyms
Enterococcus flavescens Streptococcus casseliflavus

Enterococcus casseliflavus is a species of commensal Gram-positive bacteria. Its name derived from the "flavus" the Latin word for yellow due to the bright yellow pigment that it produces. ^[2] This organism can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans ^[3]

The most common form of E. casseliflavus infection is bacteremia. ^[4] A study evaluating cases of E. casseliflavus bacteremia found that malignancy and diabetes mellitus were the most common complications, suggesting that a compromised immune system may be a risk factor for developing E. casseliflavus bacteremia. ^[5] Several cases of bacteremia have been attributed to prior infection or surgery on the biliary tract and liver, suggesting that E. casseliflavus has a high affiliation for these organs. ^[4]

Description

Enterococcus casseliflavus are facultative Gram-positive cocci. They are catalase negative and produce pyrolidonyl arylamidase. They are able to produce acid from many sugars, including L-Arabinose, gluconate, inulin, mannitol, melibiose, trehatol, and xylitol. ^[2] Similar to other members of the genus, E. casseliflavus is able to hydrolyze esculin. This organism reacts with Lancefield group D antisera.

E. casseliflavus shares many phenotypic traits with the more frequently encountered E. faecium. However, additional biochemical tests can be used to separate the two organisms. Additionally, E. casseliflavus produces respiratory quinones and its colonies possess a bright yellow pigment. ^{[2] [6]}

E. casseliflavus possess the vanC genotype and are intrinsically resistant to glycopeptides such as vancomycin. ^[7]

References

1. "Species: Enterococcus casseliflavus". LPSN.DSMZ.de.
2. Collins, M. D.; Jones, D.; Farrow, J. A. E.; Kilpper-Balz, R.; Schleifer, K. H. (1984-04-01). "Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. casseliflavus nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. gallinarum comb. nov.; and E. malodoratus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 34 (2): 220–223. doi:10.1099/00207713-34-2-220. ISSN   0020-7713.
3. Toye, B; Shymanski, J; Bobrowska, M; Woods, W; Ramotar, K (Dec 1997). "Clinical and epidemiological significance of enterococci intrinsically resistant to vancomycin (possessing the vanC genotype)". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (12): 3166–3170. doi:10.1128/jcm.35.12.3166-3170.1997. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   230142 . PMID   9399514.
4. Yoshino, Yusuke (2023-01-20). "Enterococcus casseliflavus Infection: A Review of Clinical Features and Treatment". Infection and Drug Resistance. 16: 363–368. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S398739 . PMC   9879772 . PMID   36714353.
5. Reid, K. C.; Cockerill, F. R.; Patel, R. (2001-06-01). "Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens and Enterococcus gallinarum Bacteremia: A Report of 20 Cases". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (11): 1540–1546. doi:10.1086/320542. ISSN   1058-4838. PMID   11340524.
6. Collins, M. D.; Jones, D. (1979-09-01). "The Distribution of Isoprenoid Quinones in Streptococci of Serological Groups D and N". Journal of General Microbiology. 114 (1): 27–33. doi: 10.1099/00221287-114-1-27 . ISSN   0022-1287. PMID   118232.
7. Vincent, S; Knight, R G; Green, M; Sahm, D F; Shlaes, D M (Oct 1991). "Vancomycin susceptibility and identification of motile enterococci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 29 (10): 2335–2337. doi:10.1128/jcm.29.10.2335-2337.1991. ISSN   0095-1137. PMC   270325 . PMID   1939593.