Ethephon

Last updated
Ethephon
Ethephon.png
Ethephon-3D-balls.png
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid
Other names
Bromeflor
Arvest
Ethrel
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.037.002 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C2H6ClO3P/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-2H2,(H2,4,5,6) Yes check.svgY
    Key: UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C2H6ClO3P/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-2H2,(H2,4,5,6)
    Key: UDPGUMQDCGORJQ-UHFFFAOYAQ
  • ClCCP(=O)(O)O
Properties
C2H6ClO3P
Molar mass 144.49 g·mol−1
Appearancewhite solid
Density 1.409 g/cm3
Melting point 74 °C (165 °F; 347 K)
123.9 g/100 mL (23 °C)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
Corrosive
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Ethephon is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (HO)2P(O)CH2CH2Cl. It is a colorless solid that is used as plant growth regulator. [1]

Contents

Mechanism of action

Upon metabolism by the plant, it is converted into ethylene, a potent regulator of plant growth and ripeness. When applied in a plant that is in a vegetative stage, ethylene usually acts by hindering vegetative growth and inducing the start of the flowering stage. If applied in a later stage, it can accelerate the ripening of some fruits. [2]

It is also a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor. [3]

Uses in various crops

Ethephon use in the US in 2011; it is almost solely used on cotton crops. Ethephon USA 2011.png
Ethephon use in the US in 2011; it is almost solely used on cotton crops.

Ethephon is often used on wheat, coffee, tobacco, cotton, rice, sapote, [4] and sugar cane [5] in order to help the plant's fruit reach ripeness more quickly.

Cotton is the most important single crop use for ethephon. It initiates fruiting over a period of several weeks, promotes early concentrated boll opening, and enhances defoliation to facilitate and improve the efficiency of scheduled harvesting. Harvested cotton quality is improved. [6] [7]

Ethephon is also widely used by pineapple growers to initiate the fruit's reproductive development (forcing). Ethephon is also sprayed on mature-green pineapple fruits to degreen them to meet produce marketing requirements. There can be some detrimental effect on fruit quality.[ citation needed ]

It is sometimes used by cannabis growers to induce flowering, abort seed formation, increase the quality of the resins, induce the appearance of female flowers in male plants, and to suppress the development of male flowers in hermaphrodite plants. [8]

The toxicity of ethephon is very low, [9] and any ethephon used on the plant is converted very quickly to ethylene. [10]

The use of this chemical is allowed in the European Union.

References

  1. ↑ "R.E.D. Facts Ethephon" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency.
  2. ↑ Zhang, Wei; Hu, Wenli; Wen, Chi-Kuang (2010). "Ethylene preparation and its application to physiological experiments". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 5 (4): 453–457. Bibcode:2010PlSiB...5..453Z. doi:10.4161/psb.5.4.10875. PMID   20118671.
  3. ↑ Zhang, Nanjing; Casida, John E (2002). "Novel Irreversible Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors: 2-Chloro-1-(substituted-phenyl)ethylphosphonic Acids". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 10 (5): 1281–1290. doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00391-1. PMID   11886791.
  4. ↑ Alia-Tejacal, I.; Villanueva-Arce, R.; Pelayo-Zaldívar, C.; Colinas-León, M.T.; López-Martínez, V.; Bautista-Baños, S. (2007). "Postharvest physiology and technology of sapote mamey fruit (Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn)". Postharvest Biology and Technology. 45 (3): 285–297. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.12.024.
  5. ↑ Li, Yangrui; Solomon, S. (2003). "Ethephon : A versatile growth regulator for sugar cane industry". Sugar Tech. 5 (4): 213–223. doi:10.1007/bf02942476.
  6. ↑ Christopher L. Main and Robert M. Hayes. "Cotton Harvest Aids" (PDF). University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture.
  7. ↑ Bill L. Weir and J. M. Gaggero (1982). "Ethephon may hasten cotton boll opening, increase yield". California Agriculture.
  8. ↑ Mansouri, Hakimeh; Salari, Fatemeh; Asrar, Zahra (2013-04-01). "Ethephon application stimulats cannabinoids and plastidic terpenoids production in Cannabis sativa at flowering stage" . Industrial Crops and Products. 46: 269–273. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.025. ISSN   0926-6690.
  9. ↑ Pesticide Information Profiles: Ethephon, Extension Toxicology Net. Sept 1995.
  10. ↑ "1994 Joint meeting of the FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues in food and the environment." UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 1994.
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