Foreign relations of Kazakhstan are primarily based on economic and political security consideration. The Nazarbayev administration has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially low prices while assisting the U.S. in the War on Terror. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations,Collective Security Treaty Organization,Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,North Atlantic Cooperation Council,Commonwealth of Independent States,the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation,and NATO's Partnership for Peace program. Kazakhstan established a customs union with Russia and Belarus which eventually became the Eurasian Economic Union. President Nazarbayev has prioritized economic diplomacy into Kazakhstan's foreign policy.
The foreign policy of Sweden was formerly based on the premise that national security is best served by staying free of alliances in peacetime in order to remain a neutral country in the event of war,with this policy lasting from 1814 in the context of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars until the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine. In 2002,Sweden revised its security doctrine. The security doctrine at that point still stated that "Sweden pursues a policy of non-participation in military alliances," but permitted cooperation in response to threats against peace and security. The government also seeks to maintain Sweden's high standard of living. These two objectives required heavy expenditures for social welfare,defence spending at rates considered low by Western European standards,and close attention to foreign trade opportunities and world economic cooperation. In 2024,Sweden formally became part of a military alliance for the first time since the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition by joining NATO.
Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development,production,stockpiling,proliferation and usage of small arms,conventional weapons,and weapons of mass destruction. Historically,arms control may apply to melee weapons before the invention of firearm. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements,although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an international institute based in Stockholm. It was founded in 1966 and provides data,analysis and recommendations for armed conflict,military expenditure and arms trade as well as disarmament and arms control. The research is based on open sources and is directed to decision-makers,researchers,media and the interested public.
The Treaty of Rarotonga is the common name for the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty,which formalises a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the South Pacific. The treaty bans the use,testing,and possession of nuclear weapons within the borders of the zone.
The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) is a research institute of the United Nations focused on disarmament and international security. It was established in 1980 by the United Nations General Assembly with the stated purpose of informing states and the global community on questions of international security,and to assist with disarmament efforts so as to facilitate progress toward greater security and economic and social development for all.
Dr. Randall Caroline Forsberg led a lifetime of research and advocacy on ways to reduce the risk of war,minimize the burden of military spending,and promote democratic institutions. Her career started at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute in 1968. In 1974 she moved to Cambridge,Massachusetts to found the Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies (IDDS) as well as to launch the national Nuclear Freeze campaign.
The Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (SEANWFZ),or the Bangkok Treaty of 1995,is a nuclear weapons moratorium treaty between 10 Southeast Asian member-states under the auspices of the ASEAN:Brunei,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,and Vietnam. It was opened for signature at the treaty conference in Bangkok,Thailand,on 15 December 1995 and it entered into force on March 28,1997 and obliges its members not to develop,manufacture or otherwise acquire,possess or have control over nuclear weapons.
John Alan Beesley (1927–2009) was a Canadian diplomat and civil servant.
The first contact between Greece and Sweden can be traced back to the 11th century. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1852. Both countries are members of the Council of Europe,of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development,of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,of the European Union,and of NATO.
Bilateral relations between the Argentine Republic and Canada have existed for over a century. Both nations are members of the Cairns Group,G20,Organization of American States and the United Nations.
Sverre Lodgaard is a Norwegian political scientist who has held several senior positions within government and non-governmental organizations,including the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Lodgaard specializes in peace,foreign and security policy,but has also worked on developing country issues. He has since the 2000s written extensively on nuclear arms control and disarmament issues and on Middle East affairs.
Malaysia–Sweden relations refers to foreign relations between Malaysia and Sweden. Sweden has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,and Malaysia has an embassy in Stockholm. As of 2009,90 Swedish companies are present in Malaysia and about 450 Swedish citizens live in Malaysia. The number of Swedish citizens visiting Malaysia in 2011 was 44,138.
The International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe —is an international non-governmental organisation uniting leading world-renowned experts on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons,materials and delivery vehicles.
Malaysia became the 82nd member of the United Nations on 17 September 1957. Malaysia has held a rotational non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for four terms,and has participated in over 30 United Nations peacekeeping missions since October 1960.
Beatrice Fihn is a Swedish lawyer. She was the executive director of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) from 2014 to 1 February 2023.
Karin Annika Bjurner Söder is a Swedish diplomat and politician representing the Swedish Social Democratic Party. From 2014 to 2019,she served as Sweden's State Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In February 2020,she was appointed by UN Secretary-General António Guterres to collaborate with a UN group on peace building and in January 2021,she was engaged by OSCE chair Ann Linde as her special representative for the South Caucasus. On 18 January 2023,with ministerial backing from Germany and Sweden,she became a member of the International Commission on Inclusive Peace.
Annika Lisa Markovic is a Swedish diplomat who became the incumbent ambassador to Austria since 2021. She has formerly been appointed as the ambassador to the Netherlands from 2018 to 2021,Brazil from 2008 to 2011,and the Philippines from 2003 to 2007.
Annika Jagander is a Swedish diplomat and political scientist became the ambassador to Latvia from 2017 to 2020,Czech Republic from 2011 to 2016,and Botswana from 2004 to 2007.
