Blood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia). Particularly important in diabetes management,a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin to draw blood,then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'. The other main option is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Different manufacturers use different technology,but most systems measure an electrical characteristic and use this to determine the glucose level in the blood. Skin-prick methods measure capillary blood glucose,whereas CGM correlates interstitial fluid glucose level to blood glucose level. Measurements may occur after fasting or at random nonfasting intervals,each of which informs diagnosis or monitoring in different ways.
Health informatics is the study and implementation of computer structures and algorithms to improve communication,understanding,and management of medical information. It can be viewed as a branch of engineering and applied science.
Systems science,also referred to as systems research,or,simply,systems,is a transdisciplinary field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society,which leads to the advancements of formal,natural,social,and applied attributions throughout engineering,technology and science,itself.
A glucose meter, also referred to as a "glucometer",is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of glucose testing,including home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) performed by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. A small drop of blood,obtained from slightly piercing a fingertip with a lancet,is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dL or mmol/L.
Virtual reality in telerehabilitation is a method used first in the training of musculoskeletal patients using asynchronous patient data uploading,and an internet video link. Subsequently,therapists using virtual reality-based telerehabilitation prescribe exercise routines via the web which are then accessed and executed by patients through a web browser. Therapists then monitor the patient's progress via the web and modify the therapy asynchronously without real-time interaction or training.
Automated insulin delivery systems are automated systems designed to assist people with insulin-requiring diabetes,by automatically adjusting insulin delivery in response to blood glucose levels. Currently available systems can only deliver a single hormone—insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed,providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of the pancreas.
AIDA is a freeware computer program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose profiles for demonstration,teaching,self-learning,and research purposes. Originally developed in 1991,it has been updated and enhanced since,and made available without charge from 1996 on the World Wide Web. The program,which is still being updated,has gone through a number of revisions and developments in the 16+ years since its original internet launch. During this time over 2.5 million visits have been logged at the AIDA Websites and more than 400,000 copies of the program have been downloaded. Further copies of the simulator have been made available,in the past,on diskette by the system developers and from the British Diabetic Association (BDA) —now called 'Diabetes UK' —London,England,following the BDA's own independent evaluation of the software. More than 1,075,000 diabetes simulations have been run via a web-based version of the AIDA diabetes simulator.
Noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) is the measurement of blood glucose levels,required by people with diabetes to prevent both chronic and acute complications from the disease,without drawing blood,puncturing the skin,or causing pain or trauma. The search for a successful technique began about 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product.
Robert S. H. Istepanian is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Medicine,Institute of Global Health Innovation,Imperial College,London. Istepanian is widely recognized as the first scientist to coin the phrase m-Health. In 2012,Istepanian coined the new term 4G Health which is defined as "The evolution of m-health towards targeted personalized medical systems with adaptable functionalities and compatibility with the future 4G networks."
MiniMed Paradigm is a series of insulin pumps manufactured by Medtronic for patients with diabetes mellitus. The pump operates with a single AAA battery and uses a piston-plunger pump to infuse a programmed amount of insulin into the patient through a length of tubing. The Paradigm uses a one-way wireless radio frequency link to receive blood sugar measurements from select glucose meters. The Paradigm RT series adds the ability to receive data from a mated continuous blood-glucose monitor. Although the pump can use these measurements to assist in calculating a dose of insulin,no actual change in insulin delivery occurs without manual user-intervention.
Bernhard Ludvik is a Specialist in Internal Medicine,board certified in Endocrinology and Metabolism. He is currently an Associate Professor of Medicine at the Medical University of Vienna. He serves as the Deputy Head of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the General Hospital Vienna.
In medicine,monitoring is the observation of a disease,condition or one or several medical parameters over time.
Nadine Barrie Smith (1962–2010) was an American biomedical researcher in the field of therapeutic ultrasound and non-invasive drug delivery. She was also an educator and mentor,especially to women students.
Mladen Vranic,MD,DSc,O.C.,O.Ont,FRSC,FRCP(C),FCAHS,Canadian Medical Hall of Fame[CMHF] April 3,1930 –June 18,2019,was a Croatian-born diabetes researcher,best known for his work in tracer methodology,exercise and stress in diabetes,the metabolic effects of hormonal interactions,glucagon physiology,extrapancreatic glucagon,the role of the direct and indirect metabolic effects of insulin and the prevention of hypoglycemia. Vranic was recognized by a number of national and international awards for his research contributions,mentoring and administration including the Orders of Canada (Officer) and Ontario.
The Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology(JDST) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of diabetes. JDST covers all aspects of diabetes technology including glucose monitoring;insulin and metabolic peptide delivery;the artificial and bioartificial pancreas,telemedicine;software for modeling;physiologic monitoring;technology for managing obesity;diagnostic tests of glycation;and the use of bioengineered tools such as MEMS,new biomaterials,and nanotechnology to develop new sensors and actuators to be applied to diabetes. Articles in JDST cover both basic research and clinical applications of technologies being developed to help people with diabetes. It is published by SAGE Publishing on behalf of the Diabetes Technology Society. The journal was established in 2007 and the editor-in-chief is David C. Klonoff.
George R. Wodicka is an American biomedical engineering educator,researcher,inventor,entrepreneur,and academic administrator. He is the Vincent P. Reilly Professor of Biomedical Engineering and was the Dane A. Miller Founding Head of the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue University. His research and entrepreneurship focuses on the application of acoustic technologies to improve child health.
Konstantina "Nantia" Nikita is a Greek electrical and computer engineer and a professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA),Greece. She is director of the Mobile Radiocommunications Lab and founder and director of the Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Lab,NTUA. Since 2015,she has been an Irene McCulloch Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine at Keck School of Medicine and Viterbi School of Engineering,University of Southern California.
Antonio Pedotti is an Italian scientist,bioengineer and researcher. He is Emeritus Professor of Biomedical Technologies at the Polytechnic University of Milan where he has been chair of the Bioengineering Department,member of the Academic Senate and Director of the Biomedical Technologies Laboratory. He is the former director of the Bioengineering Center of Milan cofounded by the Politecnico and the Scientific Medical Institute Don Gnocchi.
Thomas Rudolf Pieber is an Austrian clinical specialist in endocrinology and diabetes. He is Professor of Medicine,Head of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Medical University of Graz. He is also Director of the Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences at Joanneum Research.
