Ewart R. Carson | |
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Nationality | British |
Occupation(s) | Engineer, system scientist, author, and academic |
Academic background | |
Education | BSc in Applied Science (Electrical Engineering) MSc in Instrument & Control Engineering PhD in Systems Science |
Alma mater | University of St Andrews City University London |
Thesis | Aspects of Dynamics, Control and Identification of Metabolic Systems |
Academic work | |
Institutions | City,University of London |
Ewart R Carson is a British chartered engineer,system scientist,author,and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus of Systems Science in the School of Science and Technology at City,University of London. [1]
Carson is most known for his research in the field of systems engineering with a focus in the application of systems thinking and modelling to complex social and medical issues,such as health resource management,telemedicine,and other clinical applications. He has authored and edited thirteen books including Dealing with Medical Knowledge,Modelling Methodology in Physiology and Medicine,and Decisions,Computers and Medicines:The Informatics of Pharmacotherapy.
Carson is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering &Technology,International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering [2] and the American Institute of Medical &Biological Engineers. He is also a Life Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (US),a Foundation Fellow of the European Alliance for Medical &Biological Engineering and Science, [3] and an Honorary Member of the Royal College of Physicians (London). He is Associate Editor of Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, [4] and serves on the editorial board of the International Journal of Health Geographics. [5]
Carson was born on 11 August 1943,in Liverpool. After completing his early education at Mosspits Lane School in Liverpool and then Liverpool College, [6] he enrolled at the University of St Andrews and received his BSc in Applied Science with majors in Electrical Engineering. He then pursued further education at City,University of London,where he obtained his MSc in Instrument &Control Engineering,and PhD in Systems Science. His dissertation was titled "Aspects of Dynamics,Control,and Identification of Metabolic Systems". Later in his career,he was awarded a DSc in Measurement &Information in Medicine. [3]
Carson started his professional career as an engineer in the Computer Applications Laboratory at the Philips Electronics Company. Later he moved to academia at what is now City,University of London, [7] becoming a Professor of Systems Science in the Department of Systems Science. During his career,he contributed in the development of several graduate and post-graduate programmes in Biomedical Engineering and related subjects. He is currently serving as a Professor Emeritus at City,University of London. [1]
Carson was the Director of the Centre for Measurement and Information in Medicine and the Director of the Institute of Health Sciences at City,University of London. [8] He served as an Executive Committee Member at the British Medical Informatics Society and an Expert Reviewer for the European Commission. He chaired the International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO) Technical Committee on Measurement in Medicine and Biology, [9] the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) Technical Committee on Biomedical Modelling and Control. [10] and the Professional Network in Healthcare Technologies at the Institution of Engineering and Technology. He had involvement with all three of these professional bodies for over 20 years. [2]
Carson's research has focused on the development and evaluation of systems with an emphasis on medicine and healthcare. At the beginning of his academic career,he did research on the development of mathematical models to better understand the dynamics of metabolic processes taking place in the human body. He also conducted research for the development of diabetic advisory systems. [11]
Other major areas of research include health resource management,integrated policy modelling,healthcare technologies,modelling in physiology and medicine,and clinical decision support. [12] He has published more than 300 peer-reviewed articles in journals. [13]
Carson has developed a range of mathematical models for human metabolic systems including plasma proteins,thyroid hormones [14] and glucose, [15] which helped in enhancing understanding of dynamics and control in quantitative terms. Apart from that he has developed models of the cardiovascular, [16] respiratory, [17] renal [18] and liver organ systems to provide an understanding in quantitative terms of a number of the underlying control processes. [19]
In addition to his research on organ systems,Carson has also worked on investigating the complex dynamics of diabetes, [15] which evolved into the development of modelling approaches designed to assist insulin dosage adjustment for type 1 diabetes. [20] Approaches included differential equation modelling, [21] rule-based expert systems and Bayesian modelling for this purpose. [22] He has also contributed his research expertise in the intensive care unit by collecting and analysing data from monitoring systems and,using machine learning and data mining to extract clinically useful information out of these data to predict future trends. [23]
Carson uses systems science to develop models that can facilitate adoption in broader areas of science. One particular application area is the field of telemedicine which combines medical knowledge with technology. As a systems scientist,he proposed a systemic framework for the assessment and evaluation of telemedicine and telecare,taking account of a wide range of impacts. [24] He has developed several systems to assist smooth transmission of health status regarding blood glucose levels,blood pressure,sleep patterns etc. of patients with chronic disease from their home to hospital via a small computer device to avoid travel. Based on the data received,patients would receive appropriate clinical advice if required. [25] Using a systemic approach,he developed a telemedicine system for home haemodialysis. [26]
Carson has applied physiological and medical modelling to develop methodologies that can be utilised across a range of domains. In his book Introduction to Modeling in Physiology and Medicine (co-authored with Claudio Cobelli) he described the fundamental principles required for good modelling methodologies to ensure that mathematical models are fit for their particular purpose. He has also provided guidelines on basic approaches to modelling,emphasising non-linear,stochastic and Bayesian formulations [27] including a model of insulin action during a meal/oral glucose tolerance test,a large-scale simulation model of type 1 diabetes and its use in in silico clinical trials and drug trials. In his collaborative work on evaluating different models for fluid electrolyte equilibrium,he elucidated that features of all these models,integrated into a single implementation,could provide a system of practical clinical value. [28]
Blood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood (glycemia). Particularly important in diabetes management,a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin to draw blood,then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'. The other main option is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Different manufacturers use different technology,but most systems measure an electrical characteristic and use this to determine the glucose level in the blood. Skin-prick methods measure capillary blood glucose,whereas CGM correlates interstitial fluid glucose level to blood glucose level. Measurements may occur after fasting or at random nonfasting intervals,each of which informs diagnosis or monitoring in different ways.
Health informatics is the study and implementation of computer structures and algorithms to improve communication,understanding,and management of medical information. It can be viewed as a branch of engineering and applied science.
Systems science,also referred to as systems research,or,simply,systems,is a transdisciplinary field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society,which leads to the advancements of formal,natural,social,and applied attributions throughout engineering,technology and science,itself.
A glucose meter, also referred to as a "glucometer",is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood. It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart. It is a key element of glucose testing,including home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) performed by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. A small drop of blood,obtained from slightly piercing a fingertip with a lancet,is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dL or mmol/L.
Virtual reality in telerehabilitation is a method used first in the training of musculoskeletal patients using asynchronous patient data uploading,and an internet video link. Subsequently,therapists using virtual reality-based telerehabilitation prescribe exercise routines via the web which are then accessed and executed by patients through a web browser. Therapists then monitor the patient's progress via the web and modify the therapy asynchronously without real-time interaction or training.
Automated insulin delivery systems are automated systems designed to assist people with insulin-requiring diabetes,by automatically adjusting insulin delivery in response to blood glucose levels. Currently available systems can only deliver a single hormone—insulin. Other systems currently in development aim to improve on current systems by adding one or more additional hormones that can be delivered as needed,providing something closer to the endocrine functionality of the pancreas.
AIDA is a freeware computer program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose profiles for demonstration,teaching,self-learning,and research purposes. Originally developed in 1991,it has been updated and enhanced since,and made available without charge from 1996 on the World Wide Web. The program,which is still being updated,has gone through a number of revisions and developments in the 16+ years since its original internet launch. During this time over 2.5 million visits have been logged at the AIDA Websites and more than 400,000 copies of the program have been downloaded. Further copies of the simulator have been made available,in the past,on diskette by the system developers and from the British Diabetic Association (BDA) —now called 'Diabetes UK' —London,England,following the BDA's own independent evaluation of the software. More than 1,075,000 diabetes simulations have been run via a web-based version of the AIDA diabetes simulator.
Noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) is the measurement of blood glucose levels,required by people with diabetes to prevent both chronic and acute complications from the disease,without drawing blood,puncturing the skin,or causing pain or trauma. The search for a successful technique began about 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product.
Robert S. H. Istepanian is a visiting professor at the Faculty of Medicine,Institute of Global Health Innovation,Imperial College,London. Istepanian is widely recognized as the first scientist to coin the phrase m-Health. In 2012,Istepanian coined the new term 4G Health which is defined as "The evolution of m-health towards targeted personalized medical systems with adaptable functionalities and compatibility with the future 4G networks."
MiniMed Paradigm is a series of insulin pumps manufactured by Medtronic for patients with diabetes mellitus. The pump operates with a single AAA battery and uses a piston-plunger pump to infuse a programmed amount of insulin into the patient through a length of tubing. The Paradigm uses a one-way wireless radio frequency link to receive blood sugar measurements from select glucose meters. The Paradigm RT series adds the ability to receive data from a mated continuous blood-glucose monitor. Although the pump can use these measurements to assist in calculating a dose of insulin,no actual change in insulin delivery occurs without manual user-intervention.
Bernhard Ludvik is a Specialist in Internal Medicine,board certified in Endocrinology and Metabolism. He is currently an Associate Professor of Medicine at the Medical University of Vienna. He serves as the Deputy Head of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the General Hospital Vienna.
In medicine,monitoring is the observation of a disease,condition or one or several medical parameters over time.
Nadine Barrie Smith (1962–2010) was an American biomedical researcher in the field of therapeutic ultrasound and non-invasive drug delivery. She was also an educator and mentor,especially to women students.
Mladen Vranic,MD,DSc,O.C.,O.Ont,FRSC,FRCP(C),FCAHS,Canadian Medical Hall of Fame[CMHF] April 3,1930 –June 18,2019,was a Croatian-born diabetes researcher,best known for his work in tracer methodology,exercise and stress in diabetes,the metabolic effects of hormonal interactions,glucagon physiology,extrapancreatic glucagon,the role of the direct and indirect metabolic effects of insulin and the prevention of hypoglycemia. Vranic was recognized by a number of national and international awards for his research contributions,mentoring and administration including the Orders of Canada (Officer) and Ontario.
The Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology(JDST) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of diabetes. JDST covers all aspects of diabetes technology including glucose monitoring;insulin and metabolic peptide delivery;the artificial and bioartificial pancreas,telemedicine;software for modeling;physiologic monitoring;technology for managing obesity;diagnostic tests of glycation;and the use of bioengineered tools such as MEMS,new biomaterials,and nanotechnology to develop new sensors and actuators to be applied to diabetes. Articles in JDST cover both basic research and clinical applications of technologies being developed to help people with diabetes. It is published by SAGE Publishing on behalf of the Diabetes Technology Society. The journal was established in 2007 and the editor-in-chief is David C. Klonoff.
George R. Wodicka is an American biomedical engineering educator,researcher,inventor,entrepreneur,and academic administrator. He is the Vincent P. Reilly Professor of Biomedical Engineering and was the Dane A. Miller Founding Head of the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue University. His research and entrepreneurship focuses on the application of acoustic technologies to improve child health.
Konstantina "Nantia" Nikita is a Greek electrical and computer engineer and a professor at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA),Greece. She is director of the Mobile Radiocommunications Lab and founder and director of the Biomedical Simulations and Imaging Lab,NTUA. Since 2015,she has been an Irene McCulloch Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine at Keck School of Medicine and Viterbi School of Engineering,University of Southern California.
Antonio Pedotti is an Italian scientist,bioengineer and researcher. He is Emeritus Professor of Biomedical Technologies at the Polytechnic University of Milan where he has been chair of the Bioengineering Department,member of the Academic Senate and Director of the Biomedical Technologies Laboratory. He is the former director of the Bioengineering Center of Milan cofounded by the Politecnico and the Scientific Medical Institute Don Gnocchi.
Thomas Rudolf Pieber is an Austrian clinical specialist in endocrinology and diabetes. He is Professor of Medicine,Head of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Chairman of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Medical University of Graz. He is also Director of the Institute of Biomedicine and Health Sciences at Joanneum Research.
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