Flatliners (2017 film)

Last updated
Flatliners
Flatliners (2017).jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Niels Arden Oplev
Screenplay by Ben Ripley
Story byPeter Filardi
Based on Flatliners
by Peter Filardi
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography Eric Kress
Edited byTom Elkins
Music by Nathan Barr
Production
companies
Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing
Release date
  • September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)(United States)
Running time
110 minutes [1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$19 million
Box office$45.2 million

Flatliners is a 2017 American science fiction psychological horror film directed by Niels Arden Oplev and written by Ben Ripley. A stand-alone sequel to and remake of the 1990 film of the same name, it stars Elliot Page, [lower-alpha 1] Diego Luna, Nina Dobrev, James Norton, and Kiersey Clemons. The story follows five medical students who attempt to conduct experiments that produce near-death experiences.

Contents

Sony Pictures released the film in the United States on September 29, 2017, and was panned by critics, who generally remarked that it repeated the problems of the original in failing to do justice to its interesting premise, but was a moderate box office success, grossing $45.2 million worldwide on a $19 million budget.

Plot

Courtney is a medical student who is obsessed with the idea of the afterlife. She invites her classmates, Jamie and Sophia, to join her in an experiment, in an unused hospital room: using defibrillation to stop her heart for sixty seconds while recording her brain. She assures them they would not be held responsible for any accidents. Sophia is against this, but Jamie does it anyway. After sixty seconds, they are unable to revive her until a fellow student, Ray, steps in to help. Marlo, another medical student, arrives and learns of the experiment.

Courtney begins to recall memories of past events and experiences increased intelligence and euphoria. Envious, Jamie flatlines, but has a disturbing near-death experience as he meets his ex-girlfriend. Marlo and Sophia follow suit, increasing the duration of time they are down. During Sophia’s turn they are nearly caught and flee the hospital.

Those who flatlined experience visions: Courtney sees her sister Tessa, who died in a car crash Courtney caused, Jamie sees the baby he begged his ex-girlfriend to abort, Marlo sees a patient named Cyrus, who died when she accidentally mixed up his medication, and Sophia sees Irina, whose life she ruined out of jealousy, allowing Sophia to become valedictorian. Everyone keeps their visions a secret from each other.

Courtney, traumatized by her visions, records a message apologizing and admitting that her interest in flatlining was due to the death of her sister, not for scientific discovery. She falls to her death from the fire escape of her apartment building after her sister's ghost pushes her. The others are devastated but realize they may be implicated if anyone discovers their experiments. After attempting to remove all evidence from Courtney’s apartment, Marlo goes to the morgue to find Courtney’s phone, where she is disturbed by more visions.

On his boat, Jamie again hears the cries of a baby and a woman weeping. He falls out of his boat and swims to the dock where a figure stabs him in his hand.

The group watches Courtney's recording and find out that she had similar visions to their own. They admit the mistakes they made and come to the conclusion that the hauntings they are experiencing are hallucinations owing to guilt from their sins, not paranormal beings. The only one who did not flatline, Ray, initially disbelieves what is happening.

Sophia visits Irina to apologize, which Irina accepts. Jamie visits his ex-girlfriend and discovers she kept the baby; he apologizes and promises to provide for his son. Ray and Marlo get into a fight when Ray finds out Marlo covered up the real reason Cyrus died and she refuses to confess. Marlo hallucinates being suffocated while driving and crashes her car. Tired of being haunted by her hallucinations, Marlo flatlines on her own in the hope of asking Cyrus for forgiveness. She sees Courtney, who tells Marlo that she needs to forgive herself. Ray, Sophia and Jamie arrive to resuscitate Marlo.

Marlo confesses to the Dean and is held on probation. Marlo, Ray, Sophia and Jamie meet to reminisce about Courtney.

Cast

Production

In 2008, Michael Douglas and Stephen Susco attempted to reboot Flatliners , as television series. Douglas would produce the series while Susco would handle writing duties. [6] [7] Development would officially shift from a TV series to a feature film in August 2011; Source Code writer Ben Ripley was attached as screenwriter and Laurence Mark would co-produce with Douglas. [8] By February 2013, Niels Arden Oplev was slated to direct. [9]

Oplev aimed to have a more representative cast than its 1990 counterpart. [10] In October 2015, Elliot Page [lower-alpha 1] was cast in the film. [11] In February 2016, Diego Luna was added, [12] with Nina Dobrev joining in April. [13] In May 2016, Kiersey Clemons and James Norton signed on for the film. [14] [15]

In July 2016, it was announced that Kiefer Sutherland, who starred in the original, would return in the new film. [16] Sutherland later disclosed that he was reprising his role from the original film, adding that the new film is actually a sequel rather than a remake. [3] Despite the announcement, Sutherland played a character with a different name than in the original, with no reference to the specific events of the previous film.[ citation needed ] In July 2016, Charlotte McKinney also joined the cast. [17]

Principal photography began in early July 2016 in Toronto, [18] [19] Ontario primarily at Cinespace Film Studios' Kipling Avenue facility, and concluded on September 7.[ citation needed ] The film went into post-production on October 4. [20] Additional photography began in Toronto on July 24 and wrapped on August 1, 2017. [21]

In his memoir Pageboy , Page described an unsafe and toxic work environment on set. During the filming of a car stunt involving Page and Kiersey Clemons, neither were allegedly given any restraints and had their concerns dismissed by the stunt coordinators. Page also detailed instances of racism toward Clemons by a crew member, and queerphobia towards himself, notably from an unnamed head of production. [22]

Nathan Barr composed the film score. The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical.

Release

Flatliners was released by Sony Pictures Releasing on September 29, 2017. [23] It was previously scheduled to release on August 18, 2017. [24]

Box office

Flatliners grossed $16.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $28.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $45.2 million, against a production budget of $19 million. [25]

In North America, the film was released alongside American Made and 'Til Death Do Us Part , as well as the wide expansion of Battle of the Sexes , and was projected to gross $8–12 million from 2,552 theaters in its opening weekend. [26] It ended up debuting to $6.6 million, finishing 5th at the box office; even before factoring in inflation, the number was lower than the $10 million opening of the original film in 1990. [27] In its second weekend the film dropped 42%, grossing $3.6 million. [28]

Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 4% of 79 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 3.6/10.The website's consensus reads: "Flatliners falls flat as a horror movie and fails to improve upon its source material, rendering this reboot dead on arrival ." [29] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 27 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews. [30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 66% overall positive score and a 46% "definite recommend". [27] [31]

Criticizing the repetitiveness of the scenes and lack of tension, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "even more witless and stupefyingly dull than the original." He gave it one star. [32] Ryan Porter gave it one-and-a-half stars in The Star , saying that like the original, it takes a solid premise and fails to develop it in an interesting or exciting way. He said the film's one positive is the unintentional humor which results from the stupidity of several scenes and the earnestness with which the actors approach them. [33] Matt Zoller Seitz similarly said that "[the] premise [of the original Flatliners], which could have opened the door to a visionary work of sci-fi horror, settled into a sort of gothic self-help drama groove, with the medical students realizing that the seemingly supernatural goings-on triggered by their experiments in 'flatlining' were manifestations of their past misdeeds. Director Niels Arden Oplev's remake ... sticks to that template, changing key details here and there while embracing a style that stirs every current horror movie visual cliche into a jagged paste." He also remarked that the obvious effort given by the entire cast could not overcome the contrived and clichéd scares and melodrama. [34] Both Travers and Porter derided the visual effect of the afterlife scenes as cheap-looking and silly. [32] [33]

Home media

Flatliners was released on Digital HD on December 12, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on December 19, 2017 in Canada, and on December 26, 2017 in the United States. [35] [36]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Credited as Ellen Page.
  2. A deleted scene identifies Wolfson as being an older version of Dr. Nelson Wright from the original film, having changed his name. [3] [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiefer Sutherland</span> Canadian actor (born 1966)

Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland is a Canadian actor and musician. He is best known for his starring role as Jack Bauer in the Fox drama series 24, for which he won an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and two Satellite Awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reboot (fiction)</span> Term used in serial fiction

In serial fiction, the term "reboot" signifies a new start to an established fictional universe, work, or series. A reboot discards continuity to re-create its characters, plotlines and backstory from the beginning. It has been described as a way to "rebrand" or "restart an entertainment universe that has already been established".

<i>Flatliners</i> 1990 film by Joel Schumacher

Flatliners is a 1990 American science fiction psychological horror film directed by Joel Schumacher, produced by Michael Douglas and Rick Bieber, and written by Peter Filardi. It stars Kiefer Sutherland, Julia Roberts, William Baldwin, Oliver Platt, and Kevin Bacon. The film is about five medical students who attempt to find out what lies beyond death by conducting clandestine experiments that produce near-death experiences. The film was shot on the campus of Loyola University Chicago between October 1989 and January 1990, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing in 1990. The film was theatrically released on August 10, 1990, by Columbia Pictures. It grossed $61 million at the box office.

Flatliner may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laurence Mark</span> American film producer

Laurence Mark is an American film and television producer. His works include The Greatest Showman (2017), Julie & Julia (2009), Dreamgirls (2006), I, Robot (2004), As Good as It Gets (1997), and Jerry Maguire (1996).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nina Dobrev</span> Canadian actress (born 1989)

Nina Kamenova Dobreva, credited professionally as Nina Dobrev, is a Canadian actress. She is best known for portraying Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on The CW's supernatural drama series The Vampire Diaries (2009–2015).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kiersey Clemons</span> American actress

Kiersey Nicole Clemons is an American actress. She is known for her role in the 2015 comedy-drama film Dope, playing Cassandra "Diggy" Andrews. Subsequently, she went on to co-star in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016), Flatliners (2017), Hearts Beat Loud (2018), and played Iris West in both Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) and The Flash (2023).

<i>The Mummy</i> (2017 film) Film by Alex Kurtzman

The Mummy is a 2017 American fantasy action-adventure film directed by Alex Kurtzman and written by David Koepp, Christopher McQuarrie, and Dylan Kussman, with a story by Kurtzman, Jon Spaihts, and Jenny Lumet. A reboot of the Mummy franchise as part of Universal's scrapped Dark Universe, it stars Tom Cruise as U.S. Army Sergeant Nick Morton, a soldier of fortune who accidentally unearths the ancient tomb of entrapped Egyptian princess Ahmanet. Annabelle Wallis, Jake Johnson, Courtney B. Vance, and Russell Crowe also star.

<i>Designated Survivor</i> (TV series) 2016 American political thriller television series

Designated Survivor is an American political thriller drama television series created by David Guggenheim. It aired for three seasons, beginning on ABC and then exclusively on Netflix for the third and final season. Kiefer Sutherland stars as Thomas Kirkman, an American academic named as the designated survivor for the State of the Union address, who suddenly ascends from the position of U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to President of the United States after an explosion kills everyone ahead of him in the presidential line of succession. Kirkman deals with his inexperience as head of state while looking to uncover the truth behind the attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sasha Lane</span> American actress

Sasha Lane is an American actress. She made her film debut in American Honey (2016), directed by Andrea Arnold, before portraying Hunter C-20 in the first season of the Disney+ television series Loki, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

<i>The Lost Boys</i> (franchise) Horror film franchise

The Lost Boys is an American multimedia franchise that began with the 1987 Warner Bros. film The Lost Boys, written by Janice Fischer, James Jeremias, and Jeffrey Boam. The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Harvey Bernhard. Starring Corey Haim, Jason Patric, Kiefer Sutherland, Jami Gertz, Corey Feldman, Dianne Wiest, Edward Herrmann, Alex Winter, Jamison Newlander, and Barnard Hughes, the story revolves around two brothers who move to a new town and end up fighting a gang of young vampires. The film was followed by two direct-to-DVD sequels, Lost Boys: The Tribe (2008) and Lost Boys: The Thirst (2010).

<i>Halloween</i> (2018 film) American slasher film

Halloween is a 2018 American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and co-written by Green, Jeff Fradley and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the Halloween film series and a sequel to the 1978 film of the same name, while disregarding all previous sequels. The film stars Jamie Lee Curtis who reprises her role as Laurie Strode. James Jude Courtney portrays Michael Myers, with Nick Castle returning to the role for a cameo. Halloween also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, Haluk Bilginer, and Virginia Gardner. Its plot follows a post-traumatic Laurie Strode who prepares to face Michael Myers in a final showdown on Halloween night, forty years after she survived his killing spree.

<i>Scoob!</i> 2020 film by Tony Cervone

Scoob! is a 2020 American animated mystery comedy film produced by the Warner Animation Group, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is a reboot of the theatrical Scooby-Doo film series and the third theatrical film based on the characters, following Scooby-Doo (2002) and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). The film is directed by Tony Cervone from a screenplay by Adam Sztykiel, Jack Donaldson, Derek Elliott, and Matt Lieberman, and a story by Lieberman, Eyal Podell, and Jonathon E. Stewart. It stars the voices of Frank Welker, Will Forte, Gina Rodriguez, Zac Efron, and Amanda Seyfried. The film also features the voices of Mark Wahlberg, Jason Isaacs, Kiersey Clemons, Ken Jeong, and Tracy Morgan as other animated Hanna-Barbera characters. Set in a Hanna-Barbera animated shared universe, the film follows Mystery Incorporated working with the Blue Falcon to solve their most challenging mystery behind their mascot's secret legacy and a purpose, which connects with Dick Dastardly's evil plan to unleash Cerberus.

<i>Michael Jacksons Halloween</i> American TV series or program

Michael Jackson's Halloween is a one-hour animated television special that premiered on CBS on October 27, 2017. It was produced by Splash Entertainment.

<i>Sweetheart</i> (2019 film) 2019 American survival horror film directed by J.D. Dillard

Sweetheart is a 2019 American survival horror film directed by J. D. Dillard, written by Dillard, Alex Theurer and Alex Hyner, and starring Kiersey Clemons, Emory Cohen, Hanna Mangan-Lawrence and Andrew Crawford. It was produced by Jason Blum, Dillard, Theurer, Hyner and Bill Karesh. The movie tells the story of a castaway who washes up on an island and must survive there while being stalked by a humanoid sea monster.

<i>Hearts Beat Loud</i> 2018 American film

Hearts Beat Loud is a 2018 American comedy-drama music film directed by Brett Haley, from a screenplay by Haley and Marc Basch. It stars Nick Offerman, Kiersey Clemons, Ted Danson, Sasha Lane, Blythe Danner and Toni Collette, and follows a Brooklyn record store owner who tries to convince his daughter to start a band with him after a song they recorded goes viral.

<i>Lady and the Tramp</i> (2019 film) 2019 musical romance film

Lady and the Tramp is a 2019 American musical romance film directed by Charlie Bean and written by Andrew Bujalski and Kari Granlund, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Taylor Made, and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film is a live-action/CGI hybrid remake of Walt Disney's 1955 animated film of the same name, which was based on the 1945 Cosmopolitan magazine story of "Happy Dan, the Cynical Dog" by Ward Greene. The film stars the voices of Tessa Thompson, Justin Theroux, Janelle Monáe, and Sam Elliott with the human characters portrayed by Thomas Mann, Kiersey Clemons, Yvette Nicole Brown, F. Murray Abraham, Adrian Martinez, and Ken Jeong. It is dedicated to storyboard artist Chris Reccardi, who died on May 2, 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. D. Dillard</span> American director and screenwriter

JD Dillard is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter best known for his work on Sleight (2016), Sweetheart (2019), and Devotion (2022).

<i>Somebody I Used to Know</i> 2023 film by Dave Franco and Alison Brie

Somebody I Used to Know is a 2023 American romantic comedy film directed by Dave Franco and co-written with his wife Alison Brie. The film stars Brie, Jay Ellis, and Kiersey Clemons. It was released on Amazon Prime Video on February 10, 2023.

<i>Monarch: Legacy of Monsters</i> American monster television series

Monarch: Legacy of Monsters is an American monster television series created by Chris Black and Matt Fraction and produced by Legendary Television. Based on Godzilla by Toho Co., Ltd, it is the sixth installment and the second television series in the MonsterVerse franchise. Following the events of Godzilla (2014), the ten-episode series follows members of the Monarch organization as they encounter Godzilla and other monsters called Titans, across a half century.

References

  1. "FLATLINERS (15)". British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Instagram post by Nina Dobrev • Aug 11, 2016 at 10:40pm UTC". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24.
  3. 1 2 Lee, Ann (27 July 2016). "Kiefer Sutherland reveals who he's playing in the Flatliners reboot". Metro. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  4. Oplev, Niels Arden (28 September 2016). "There's A Flatliners Deleted Scene That Connects The New Movie To The Original". CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  5. Gallupo, Mia (27 July 2016). "'Awkward' Actor Beau Mirchoff Joining Sony's 'Flatliners' Reboot (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  6. Longsdorf, Amy (April 15, 2015). "Downington Native Writes Michael Douglas's New Film". Delaware Online. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  7. Weintraub, Steve (February 5, 2008). "Stephen Susco – Exclusive Sundance Video Interview". Collider. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  8. Kit, Borys; McClintock, Pamela (August 26, 2011). "Flatliners Revived By Columbia Pictures With Source Code Writer on Board to Script (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  9. Miska, Brad (February 26, 2013). "Exclusive: Flatliners Director Has A Dragon Tattoo". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  10. Washington, Arlene (September 28, 2017). "How 'Flatliners' Reboot Is Representing a New Generation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  11. Kroll, Justin (October 5, 2015). "Ellen Page in Talks to Star in 'Flatliners' Remake (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  12. Geier, Thom (February 29, 2016). "'Rogue One' Star Diego Luna in Talks to Join Ellen Page in 'Flatliners'". TheWrap. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  13. Patten, Dominic (April 20, 2016). "Nina Dobrev In Talks To Join Sony's 'Flatliners' Reboot". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 8, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  14. Kroll, Justin (May 3, 2016). "'Dope's' Kiersey Clemons to Star Opposite Ellen Page in 'Flatliners' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  15. Galuppo, Mia (May 9, 2016). "James Norton Joins Ellen Page in 'Flatliners' Remake (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  16. Busch, Anita (July 7, 2016). "Kiefer Sutherland Crossing Over To 'Flatliners' Redo". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  17. Busch, Anita (13 July 2016). "Supermodel Charlotte McKinney Supercharges 'Flatliners'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  18. Eigenmann, Conan Geisler (July 11, 2016). "'The Vampire Diaries' star Ian Somerhalder's ex Nina Dobrev filming 'Flatliners' remake; Kiefer Sutherland returns as doctor". YIBADA. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  19. Lesnick, Silas (July 12, 2016). "Flatliners Reboot Set for 2017 Release - ComingSoon.net". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  20. Hime, Nelly (August 29, 2016). "The Flatliners Remake – Everything You Need to Know". Nagame Digital. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  21. Gallagher, Brian (June 3, 2017). "Flatliners Remake Is Ready for Reshoots". MovieWeb. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  22. Sharf, Zack (June 14, 2023). "Elliot Page Says Flatliners Set Was a 'True Mess' and 'S— Show' Due to Unsafe Stunt, Queerphobia and More: 'It Went Off the Rails'". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  23. Barkan, Jonathan (November 3, 2016). "The Flatliners Remake is Going to Have to Wait a Little Longer Before Revival". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  24. McNary, Dave (July 12, 2016). "Kiefer Sutherland's Flatliners Reboot set for 2017 Release". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
  25. "Flatliners (2017)". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  26. Faughnder, Ryan (September 27, 2017). "'It' drives record September box office with Tom Cruise's 'American Made' ready to battle 'Kingsman'". Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
  27. 1 2 D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 2, 2017). "'Kingsman' Edges Out 'It' In Fierce Three-Way B.O. Tie; Early AM Figures Have 'American Made' In 3rd – Monday". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  28. D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 9, 2017). "'Blade Runner 2049' Still Rusted With $36M+ Columbus Day Weekend Opening: Monday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  29. "Flatliners". Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved October 3, 2019. OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  30. "Flatliners". Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  31. "Is the Flatliners remake any good?". BBC News. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
  32. 1 2 Travers, Peter (September 29, 2017). "Flatliners Review: This Thriller Remake Is a Fright-Free Fiasco". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  33. 1 2 Porter, Ryan (September 30, 2017). "Flatliners Amounts to Uninspired, Redudant Viewing Experience". The Star . Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  34. Seitz, Matt Zoller (September 29, 2017). "Flatliners Movie Review". RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  35. "Flatliners synopsis and movie info". Tribute.ca. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  36. "Flatliners DVD Release Date December 26, 2017". DVDs Release Dates. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.