Forni della Signoria

Last updated
Forni della Signoria
Bakery of the Order
Forni della Signoria 02.jpg
View of the bakehouse, c. early 20th century
Forni della Signoria
General information
StatusDemolished
Type Bakehouse
Architectural style Mannerism
Location Valletta, Malta
Coordinates 35°53′53″N14°30′39″E / 35.89806°N 14.51083°E / 35.89806; 14.51083 Coordinates: 35°53′53″N14°30′39″E / 35.89806°N 14.51083°E / 35.89806; 14.51083
Completedc. 1583–1584
Demolished1926
OwnerTreasury of the Order (1580s–1798)
French Republic (1798–1800)
British Government (1814–1921)
Maltese Government (1921–1926)
Technical details
Material Limestone
Floor count3
Design and construction
Architect(s) Girolamo Cassar

The Forni della Signoria (Maltese : L-Ifran tas-Sinjurija; [1] English: Bakeries of the Grandmaster) was a bakehouse in Valletta, Malta. It was constructed in the late 16th century by the Order of St John, and it consisted of a number of bakeries which produced bread for the inhabitants of Valletta and the surrounding area, as well as for the Order's garrison and navy.

Contents

It remained in use by the French and later the British militaries, until a new Royal Naval Bakery was opened in Birgu in 1845. The bakery was subsequently converted into stores, before falling into disrepair. The building was demolished in the early 20th century to make way for Vincenti Buildings. The bakery gave its name to Old Bakery Street, one of the main streets of Valletta.

History

Background

The first prominent bakeries for the Order were built in Birgu in 1545. [2] In 1566 Architect Francesco Laparelli designed a plan for a new city, Valletta, where all public and prominent buildings were to be in a reserved area. Among these buildings were the Forni della Sacra Religione. [3] [4]

Small individual bakeries were first built on site, which had existed since the 1570s. [5] These bakeries were built during the magistracy of Grand Master Jean de la Cassière at his own expense, and were known in Italian as the Forni pubblici della religione (Public Bakeries of the Religion). [6] [7] The bakeries were among the first erected buildings in Valletta. [8] According to Leonard Mahoney (1988), similar to the first buildings of Valletta, these bakeries were built for convenience of the first wave of workers and migrants rather than keeping also in mind the aesthetic appeal of architecture. Thus, these bakeries can be considered to have had a vernacular architecture to a certain extent. [9]

The reserved area, generally known as the collachio, was toyed about for years and was eventually abandoned as it proved not practical for business, administration and the rest of inhabitants of the city. [4] [10] [11] However, more or less, the mentioned buildings occupied the designated area. [3]

Construction and use

The Order's bakery was being planned by 1582 [12] and an engraving by Matteo Perez d’Aleccio of Valletta including the planned bakery was drawn up that year. The building was marked as Il Forno d.la Signoria et l’Armaria, meaning part of the building had to also include an armoury to serve in case of a siege. [13] This also because it was mainly intended to serve the military. [14] It was eventually built in around 1583 [15] or 1584, during the magistracy of Grand Master Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle. [8] The building was designed by Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, [16] [17] who also designed many other buildings in Valletta. [18] As planned, the building was used primarily for the making of bread, while another part of the edifice was used as an armoury or ferreria. [8] Other food products from similar ingredients of bread, such as biscuits, were also made. [19] In the 17th century a mill room was added to the building. [20]

Interior of the bakery while still in use during the British period Forni della Signoria 01.jpg
Interior of the bakery while still in use during the British period

The building was property of the Treasury of the Order, and under the responsibility of the Castellan. [21] The building was rented, each part to different owners, however was administered by one person known as Commendatore dei Forni (Bakeries’ Commander). The owners were to sell bread at an established price. [6] The bakery produced most of the bread for the inhabitants of Valletta and Floriana, as well as for the Order's hospital, prison, galleys and garrison. [6] [22] [23]

Some of the expenses for the operation of the bakery were relieved as a number of slaves were engaged in forced unpaid labour. [24] Only trusted slaves were allowed to work at the bakery. However, after the revolt of the slaves during the magistry of Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca, none of the slaves were trusted in important buildings such as the bakery which provided traditional everyday food. [25] The incident followed by a shortage of bakers in Valletta that villages bakers were ordered to do so on site and those who refused to bake bread in the city were jailed by the Castellania for a roughly a week. [26] [27]

The building gave its name to Strada Forni, now Old Bakery Street Malta - Valletta - Triq il-Fran 01 ies.jpg
The building gave its name to Strada Forni, now Old Bakery Street

During the French occupation of Malta, the bakery was used to produce bread for the French garrison, and it was heavily guarded during the blockade of 1798–1800. [28] At this point, the street where the bakery was located, originally called Strada San Giovanni Battista, [29] was renamed Rue des Fours after the bakery. [30] It was later known as Strada Forni in Italian during the early British period, [29] and since 1926 it has been called Old Bakery Street. It is known as Triq il-Fran or Triq l-Ifran in Maltese, but it is still commonly called Strada Forni by Valletta residents. [31] [32] This means that the bakery gives the name to a main street in the capital Valletta. [8]

At some point, during the British period, the building became known as the Forni Regii [8] or the Majesty’s Bakery. [33] It was also known as The King’s Bakery. In 1824 the upper floor, which housed the armoury, was handed over to the British military. [6] The bakery remained in use throughout the early 19th century, supplying bread to the British military. [34] The British Army prominently used it as a colonial department, which stored and supplied food for the troops stationed in Mallta, better known as the Commissariat. [35] The British also used it for the grinding of corn. [29]

It fell out of use when the Royal Naval Bakery was opened in Birgu in 1845. [36] It was initially used as stores, but the building fell into a state of disrepair. An English boy is said to have died when part of the building collapsed while he was playing there. [37]

Demolition

The bakery was demolished in 1926. [16] The Times of Malta published an article accompanied with a photo to inform the general public that the bakery was demolished and not destroyed by war. [35] The newspaper stated: [35]

No! this building has not suffered from an aerial bombardment; it is the Knights' Bakery in Old Bakery Street that is in the process of demolition to make way for a better and more imposing building.

Redevelopment and remains

The Vincenti Buildings, the place where the bakery stood Vincenti buildings.jpeg
The Vincenti Buildings, the place where the bakery stood

In the mid-1930s the site was purchased by the architect Gustavo R. Vincenti. [35] [38] He raised a Modernism (Art Nouveau [5] [39] or simply an Art Deco [40] ) block, known as Vincenti Buildings after its architect [35] in 1938. [41] Vincenti Buildings were damaged during WWII but were faithfully repaired to the original design. [35] [42] [43] Some of the residences have been converted into offices. [5]

In March 2010, Enemalta workers uncovered remains of the bakery's foundations during paving works in Strait Street. [5] The remains consist of sections of a wall up to four courses high and laid on bedrock. [28] Other remains were also found at Melita Street across Old Bakery Street. [44] A detailed wooden model of the bakery, probably dating back to the British period, is found at the Heritage Malta reserve collection at the Inquisitor's Palace in Birgu. [37] [45]

Architecture

Interior of the building Forni della Signoria 03.jpg
Interior of the building

The bakery of the Order was located on a city block bordered by Old Bakery, Melita, St. John and Strait streets. [46] [5] [33] Its main façade was in Old Bakery Street facing the Church of St. Augustine, [22] [23] and it consisted of a central bay with two sloped roofs, with three-storey high sections on either side. [37] It had imposing corners, typical of Architect Cassar, [17] which were characterised by large rusticated pilasters to support the massive building. [46]

The façade was asymmetric and had no moulding. [46] It contained two main doorways, but there were other entrances in Strait Street. [37] The exterior was plain, contrasting with other Valletta buildings, however this was typical when built. Though the exterior may not have had any aesthetically pleasing features, the interior was spacious and adequate for its purpose. [34] Similar to other prominent buildings, the bakery was provided with water from the Wignacourt Aqueduct. [47] [48] The building did not suffer damage during the 1693 Sicily earthquake though, as documented, the surrounding buildings did. [49]

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint John's Co-Cathedral</span> Church in Valletta, Malta

St John's Co-Cathedral is a Roman Catholic co-cathedral in Valletta, Malta, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. It was built by the Order of St. John between 1573 and 1578, having been commissioned by Grand Master Jean de la Cassière as the Conventual Church of Saint John.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manuel Pinto da Fonseca</span> Portuguese nobleman

Manuel Pinto da Fonseca was a Portuguese nobleman, the 68th Grand Master of the Order of Saint John, from 1741 until his death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Langue (Knights Hospitaller)</span> Administrative division of the Knights Hospitaller

A langue or tongue was an administrative division of the Knights Hospitaller between 1319 and 1798. The term referred to a rough ethno-linguistic division of the geographical distribution of the Order's members and possessions. Each langue was subdivided into Priories or Grand Priories, Bailiwicks and Commanderies. Each langue had an auberge as its headquarters, some of which still survive in Rhodes, Birgu and Valletta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Opera House, Valletta</span> Former opera house in Valletta, Malta

The Royal Opera House, also known as the Royal Theatre, was an opera house and performing arts venue in Valletta, Malta. It was designed by the English architect Edward Middleton Barry and was erected in 1866. In 1873 its interior was extensively damaged by fire but was eventually restored by 1877. The theatre received a direct hit from aerial bombing in 1942 during World War II. Prior to its destruction, it was one of the most beautiful and iconic buildings in Valletta. After several abandoned plans to rebuild the theatre, the ruins were redesigned by the Italian architect Renzo Piano and in 2013 it once again started functioning as a performance venue, called Pjazza Teatru Rjal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta</span> Palace in Malta

The Grandmaster's Palace, officially known as The Palace, is a palace in Valletta, Malta. It was built between the 16th and 18th centuries as the palace of the Grand Master of the Order of St. John, who ruled Malta from 1530 to 1798, and was also known as the Magisterial Palace. When the knights were expelled by Napoleonic France, it became the National Palace. During the period of British rule beginning in 1800, it was the Governor's Palace.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castellania (Valletta)</span> Maltese government building

The Castellania, also known as the Castellania Palace, is a former courthouse and prison in Valletta, Malta that currently houses the country's health ministry. It was built by the Order of St. John between 1757 and 1760, on the site of an earlier courthouse which had been built in 1572.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inquisitor's Palace</span> Palace in Birgu, Malta

The Inquisitor's Palace, also known as the Sacred Palace, is a palace in Birgu, Malta. It was the seat of the Maltese Inquisition from 1574 to 1798, under the name Palazzo del Sant'Officio. The building was originally constructed as a courthouse known as the Castellania in the early 16th century, but little remains of the original building due to major alterations and renovations carried out in the subsequent centuries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francesco Laparelli</span>

Francesco Laparelli da Cortona was an Italian architect. He was an assistant of Michelangelo, and later was sent by the Pope to supervise the construction of Valletta in Malta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auberge d'Allemagne</span> Bakeries of Malta

Auberge d'Allemagne was an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built between 1571 and 1575 to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auberge de France</span> Auberge in Valletta, Malta

Auberge de France refers to two auberges in Valletta, Malta. They were both built in the 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of France, which induced the entire Kingdom of France except for Auvergne and Provence which were separate langues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auberge d'Auvergne</span> Auberge in Valletta, Malta

The Auberge d'Auvergne was an auberge in Valletta, Malta. It was built in the 16th century to house knights of the Order of Saint John from the langue of Auvergne. It became a courthouse in the 19th century, and it remained so until it was destroyed by aerial bombardment in 1941. The site is now occupied by the Courts of Justice building, which was constructed in the 1960s.

Girolamo Cassar was a Maltese architect and military engineer. He was the resident engineer of the Order of St. John, and was admitted into the Order in 1569. He was involved in the construction of Valletta, initially as an assistant to Francesco Laparelli, before taking over the project himself. He designed many public, religious and private buildings in the new capital city, including Saint John's Co-Cathedral, the Grandmaster's Palace and the auberges. He was the father of Vittorio Cassar, another architect and engineer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta</span> Failed assassination plot in Malta

The Conspiracy of the Slaves was a failed plot by Muslim slaves in Hospitaller-ruled Malta to rebel, assassinate Grand Master Manuel Pinto da Fonseca and take over the island. The revolt was to have taken place on 29 June 1749, but plans were leaked to the order before it began; the plotters were arrested and most were later executed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Casa del Commun Tesoro</span>

The Casa del Commun Tesoro, or Casa dei Conti del Tesoro, is a building in Valletta, Malta, located in Republic Square facing the Bibliotheca. It was originally built to house the Treasury of the Order of St. John. Part of the building housed Malta's first post office, and over the years it was also used as government offices, a hotel and a cinema. Since the early 20th century, it has been the premises of a gentlemen's club known as the Casino Maltese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monte di Pietà (Malta)</span> Edifice in Valletta, Malta

The Monte di Pietà, formerly known as the Monte di Sant'Anna, is a charitable institution which lends money to those in need at modest interest rates, on the security of gold, silver or other precious articles given in pawn. In Malta the institution was set up in 1598, was known in the British period as the Public Pawn-Brokery, and it is still in operation today as part of the Inland Revenue Department. Since 1773, the Monte di Pietà has been housed in a 16th-century building in Valletta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hostel de Verdelin</span> Palace in Valletta, Malta

The Hostel de Verdelin, also known as Palazzo Verdelin or the Casa delle Colombe, is a palace in Valletta, Malta. It was built in the mid-17th century for the knight Jean-Jacques de Verdelin, and it is an early example of Baroque architecture in Malta. The palace currently houses a police station and a restaurant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slaves' Prison</span> Prison in Valletta, Malta

The Slaves' Prison officially known as the Grand Prison and colloquially as the bagnio, was a prison in Valletta, Malta. It was established in the late 16th century, and remained in use as a prison throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It was subsequently used as a naval hospital, a school and an examination hall. It was bombed in World War II, and the ruins were demolished to make way for a block of flats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maltese Baroque architecture</span> A form of Baroque architecture

Maltese Baroque architecture is the form of Baroque architecture that developed in Malta during the 17th and 18th centuries, when the islands were under the rule of the Order of St. John. The Baroque style was introduced in Malta in the early 17th century, possibly by the Bolognese engineer Bontadino de Bontadini during the construction of the Wignacourt Aqueduct. The style became popular in the mid to late 17th century, and it reached its peak during the 18th century, when monumental Baroque structures such as Auberge de Castille were constructed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gustavo R. Vincenti</span> Maltese architect and developer

Gustavo Romeo Vincenti was a Maltese architect and developer. Born into a wealthy and business oriented family in Valletta and Floriana, he was able to purchase land and design and build buildings which he would then sell to clients. He was interested in architecture from a young age, and he graduated as an architect from the University of Malta in 1911, at the age of 23.

References

  1. ↑ Cassar Pullicino, Joseph (October–December 1949). "The Order of St. John in Maltese folk-memory" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (4): 162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016.
  2. ↑ "Dawra Kulturali" (PDF). www.um.edu.mt/library. 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  3. 1 2 Guidoni, Enrico; Marino, Angela (1982). Storia dell'urbanistica: il cinquecento (in Italian). Vol. 16. Laterza. p. 602. OCLC   11238601.
  4. 1 2 Bianco, Lino (1995). "Valletta: A city in history" (PDF). Melita Theologica. University of Malta. 60 (2): 9–11. ISSN   1012-9588. OCLC   1587122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Foundations of knights' bakery believed found in Strait Street". Times of Malta . 17 March 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Statement of all the property transferred to the military and naval authorities from the year 1816 to the end of 1875 with appendix". Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection. University of Mancestor: 8, 21. 1877. JSTOR   60231726. Archived from the original on 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
  7. ↑ Storia dei Gran Maestri e cavalieri di Malta con note e documenti giustificativi dall'epoca della fondazione dell'ordine a' tempi attuali (in Italian). Vol. 3. Rome: From the Library of Modern and Contemporary History. 1853. p. 456.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Ferris, Archille (1881). Memorie dell' inclito Ordine gerosolimitano esistenti nelle isole di Malta (in Italian). Tip. di C. Busuttil. p. 207. ISBN   9781168127242. OCLC   642909207.
  9. ↑ Mahoney, Leonard (1988). A History of Maltese Architecture: from Ancient Times up to 1800. Żabbar: Veritas Press. p. 150. ASIN   B0006EXLGK. OCLC   224662095.
  10. ↑ Bouet, Ryan W. (2001). The Story of Valletta: A Companion to the City. Allied Publications. pp. 11–20. ISBN   9789990931297.
  11. ↑ Bugeja, Jennifer Rose; Vanessa, Ciantar; Formosa, Christian (2017). Valletta my city, my story: as told by Jean de Vallette. Heritage Malta. p. 48. ISBN   9789993257493.
  12. ↑ Spiteri, Stephen C. (2003). "An Armoury in Valletta". Armoury of the Knights. Midsea Books. p. 67. ISBN   99932-39-33-X.
  13. ↑ Ganado, Albert (1984). "Matteo Perez d'Aleccio's engravings of the Siege of Malta 1565". Proceedings of History Week. Malta Historical Society: 125–161. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  14. ↑ Castagna, P. P. (1865). Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha (in Maltese). Vol. 2. Malta: s.n. p. 112.
  15. ↑ Dal Pozzo, Bartolomeo (1703). Historia della sacra religione militare di S. Giouanni Gerosolimitano detta di Malta, del signor commendator Fr. Bartolomeo Co. Dal Pozzo veronese, caualier della medesima: Parte prima che proseguisce quella di Giacomo Bosio dall'anno 1571 fin' al 1636. 1 (in Italian). Verona: per Giouanni Berno. p. 205. OCLC   801215558.
  16. 1 2 Mangion, Giovanni (1975). "Girolomo Cassar: Architetto Maltese del Cinquecento" (PDF). Melita Historica. 6 (2): 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
  17. 1 2 "Atti del XV Congresso di storia dell'architettura Congresso di storia dell'architettura" [Proceedings of the XV Congress of Architecture History Congress of Architectural History] (in Italian). 15. Centro di studi per la storia dell'architettura. 1967. OCLC   1564788.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ Castillo, Dennis Angelo (2006). "The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta". Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwodd Publishing Group (229): 81–82. ISBN   9780313323294. ISSN   0883-6884. OCLC   470553071.
  19. ↑ Grima, Joseph F. (2001). "The Rowers on the Order's Galleys (c. 1600-1650)" (PDF). Melita Historica. 13 (2): 125. ISSN   1021-6952.
  20. ↑ Cassar, Carmel (1996). Witchcraft, Sorcery, and the Inquisition: A Study of Cultural Values in Early Modern Malta. Msida: Mireva Publications. pp. 84–85 (plates XXI-XXII). ISBN   9781870579476. OCLC   36885502.
  21. ↑ Abela, Giovanni Francesco (1772). "Malta illustrata... accresciuta dal Cte G.A. Ciantar" (in Italian). Mallia. p. 324.
  22. 1 2 Denaro, Victor F. (1959). "Houses in Kingsway and Old Bakery Street, Valletta" (PDF). Melita Historica. Malta Historical Society. 2 (4): 210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2016.
  23. 1 2 Van Den Bossche, Bart; Bastiaensen, Michel; Lonergan, Corinna Salvadori (2000). "Soavi Sapori della Cucina dei Cavalieri di Malta". Soavi sapori della cultura italiana: atti del 13. Congresso dell'A.I.P.I., Verona, Soave, 27-29 agosto 1998 (in Italian). Firenze Cesati. p. 129. ISBN   9788876671005. OCLC   248752154.
  24. ↑ Wettinger, Godfrey (2002). Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo ca. 1000–1812. Publishers Enterprises Group. pp. 320–322. ISBN   978-99909-0-316-4.
  25. ↑ Cutajar, Tony C. (2011). Mewt Lil Pinto! (in Maltese). Lulu. p. 105. ISBN   978-1-4478-4179-1. OCLC   941694707.
  26. ↑ Buttigieg, Noel (2009). "Is Bread Male or Female? Gender and Power Relations". Proceeding of History Week. Malta Historical Society and Midsea Books. 12 (7): 101. ISBN   978-99932-7-400-1. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
  27. ↑ Buttigieg, Noel (2014). Cassar George (ed.). "Bread and the City: 1740-1798". Journal of the History of the Order of St John. Mosta: Sacra Militia Foundation (13): 4. ISBN   9787999016069. ISSN   2306-8272. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017.
  28. 1 2 "Wall unearthed in Valletta 'could be' foundations of Knights' bakery". Times of Malta . 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 Mifsud, A. (December 31, 1980). "Knights Hospitallers of the Ven. Tongue of England in Malta". New York: AMS Press – via Internet Archive.
  30. ↑ Bonello, Giovanni (2000). Histories of Malta. Vol. 1. Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti. pp. 38, 40. ISBN   9789993210016.
  31. ↑ Chetcuti, Kristina (1 June 2015). "Where the streets have four names". Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 19 July 2016.
  32. ↑ Borzesi, Giuseppe Pericciuoli (1830). The historical guide to the island of Malta and its dependencies. Government Press. p. 51.
  33. 1 2 More information available in source. Playfair, Robert Lambert (1881). "Handbook to the Mediterranean". 2. J. Murray: 63–64.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. 1 2 Riland Bedford, William Kirkpatrick (1905). Malta and the Knights Hospitallers. Seeley and co., Limited. pp.  53–54. OCLC   15910350. Archived from the original on 28 October 2008.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bonnici, Joseph; Cassar, Michael (2004). A Chronicle of Twentieth Century Malta. Books Distributors Limited. p. 151. ISBN   978-999097227-6.
  36. ↑ Vassallo, Giovanni Antonio (1854). Storia di Malta. Tip. Francesco Cumbo. p.  390.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Darmanin, Denis (25 January 2015). "The bakeries in Valletta of the Order of the Knights of St John". Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 19 July 2016.
  38. ↑ Said, Edward. David Felice (ed.). "The Architecture of Gustavo R. Vincenti (1888-1974)" (PDF). The Architect. Media Today: 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2018.
  39. ↑ Benoit, Maie (28 February 2014). "Marie Benoit's Diary". Independent.com.mt. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  40. ↑ Said, Edward (2011). "Architects who built Sliema - Perit Alberto La Ferla (1898-1942)". Architecture XV. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018.
  41. ↑ "A Strategy for Valletta: Public Consultation Draft" (PDF). Planning Authority. June 2016. p. 17.
  42. ↑ Abela, Tony (2014). Malta's Early Warning System During World War II. Hamrun: SKS. pp. 479–489. ISBN   9789993217312. OCLC   889717045.
  43. ↑ Mirabelli, Terence (2015). "The ANZAC experience in Malta - Arrival" (PDF). Ta’ Xbiex: The Island Publications Ltd: 2, 5, 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2016.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  44. ↑ Scicluna, Raymomd (3 April 2017). "Dokument imqiegħed fuq il-Mejda tal-Kamra tad-Deputati fis-Seduta" (PDF). Annual Report 2016 Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (in Maltese). Ministru għall-Ġustizzja, Kultura u Gvern Lokali. It-Tnax-Il Legislatura (Numru 501): 23–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2018.
  45. ↑ Vella, Godwin (2016). Valletta 1566: Melita Renascens. Heritage Malta. p. 125. ISBN   9789993257387.
  46. 1 2 3 Hughes, Quintin (1956). "The Building of Malta During the Period of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem: 1530-1795". The Tiranti. A. Tiranti. 6: 183–184.
  47. ↑ Fiteni, Leopoldo (21 May 1841). "Le conversazioni di Filoteo". Giornale Cattolico (in Italian). Senglea: From the National Central Library of Rome: 46.
  48. ↑ Frendo, Henry (1997). Attard - The Life of a Maltese Casale (PDF). Attard Local Council. pp. 35–38.
  49. ↑ Gangemi (1999). Annali del barocco in Sicilia (in Italian). Vol. 6. Centro internazionale di studi sul barocco in Sicilia. p. 61. ISBN   9788849203011. ISSN   1125-9205. OCLC   32146636.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.