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In linguistics,the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural rules on speakers' or writers' usage and creation of clauses,phrases,and words. The term can also refer to the study of such rules,a subject that includes phonology,morphology,and syntax,together with phonetics,semantics,and pragmatics. There are two different ways to study grammar right now:traditional grammar and theoretical grammar.
In linguistics,morphology is the study of words,how they are formed,and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems,root words,prefixes,and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech,intonation and stress,and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology,which is the classification of languages based on their use of words,and lexicology,which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
A root is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements. In morphology,a root is a morphologically simple unit which can be left bare or to which a prefix or a suffix can attach. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word,and of a word family,which carries aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain,and may consist only of,root morphemes. However,sometimes the term "root" is also used to describe the word without its inflectional endings,but with its lexical endings in place. For example,chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter,but the lexical root chat. Inflectional roots are often called stems,and a root in the stricter sense,a root morpheme,may be thought of as a monomorphemic stem.
A pitch-accent language is a type of language that,when spoken,has certain syllables in words or morphemes that are prominent,as indicated by a distinct contrasting pitch rather than by loudness or length,as in some other languages like English. Pitch-accent also contrasts with fully tonal languages like Vietnamese,Thai and Standard Chinese,in which practically every syllable can have an independent tone. Some scholars have claimed that the term "pitch accent" is not coherently defined and that pitch-accent languages are just a sub-category of tonal languages in general.
Meeussen's rule is a special case of tone reduction in Bantu languages. The tonal alternation it describes is the lowering,in some contexts,of the last tone of a pattern of two adjacent High tones (HH),resulting in the pattern HL. The phenomenon is named after its first observer,the Belgian Bantu specialist A. E. Meeussen (1912–1978). In phonological terms,the phenomenon can be seen as a special case of the Obligatory Contour Principle.
A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning,can be used on its own,and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is,there is no consensus among linguists on its definition and numerous attempts to find specific criteria of the concept remain controversial. Different standards have been proposed,depending on the theoretical background and descriptive context;these do not converge on a single definition. Some specific definitions of the term "word" are employed to convey its different meanings at different levels of description,for example based on phonological,grammatical or orthographic basis. Others suggest that the concept is simply a convention used in everyday situations.
Jenny L. Cheshire is a British sociolinguist and professor at Queen Mary University of London. Her research interests include language variation and change,language contact and dialect convergence,and language in education,with a focus on conversational narratives and spoken English. She is most known for her work on grammatical variation,especially syntax and discourse structures,in adolescent speech and on Multicultural London English.
In linguistics,apophony is any alternation within a word that indicates grammatical information.
Larry M. Hyman is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of California,Berkeley. He specializes in phonology and has particular interest in African languages.
In linguistics,word formation is an ambiguous term that can refer to either:
John Rupert Firth OBE,commonly known as J. R. Firth,was an English linguist and a leading figure in British linguistics during the 1950s.
A diaphoneme is an abstract phonological unit that identifies a correspondence between related sounds of two or more varieties of a language or language cluster. For example,some English varieties contrast the vowel of late with that of wait or eight. Other English varieties contrast the vowel of late or wait with that of eight. This non-overlapping pair of phonemes from two different varieties can be reconciled by positing three different diaphonemes:A first diaphoneme for words like late,a second diaphoneme for words like wait,and a third diaphoneme for words like eight.
Geoffrey Neil Leech FBA was a specialist in English language and linguistics. He was the author,co-author,or editor of more than 30 books and more than 120 published papers. His main academic interests were English grammar,corpus linguistics,stylistics,pragmatics,and semantics.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The modern-day scientific study of linguistics takes all aspects of language into account —i.e.,the cognitive,the social,the cultural,the psychological,the environmental,the biological,the literary,the grammatical,the paleographical,and the structural.
Jeroen van de Weijer is a Dutch linguist who teaches phonology,morphology,phonetics,psycholinguistics,historical linguistics and other courses at Shenzhen University,where he is Distinguished Professor of English linguistics at the School of Foreign Languages. Before,he was Full Professor of English Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University,in the School of English Studies.
Luganda,the language spoken by the Baganda people from Central Uganda,is a tonal language of the Bantu family. It is traditionally described as having three tones:high,low and falling. Rising tones are not found in Luganda,even on long vowels,since a sequence such as [] automatically becomes [].
Laurence James Bauer is a British linguist and Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Victoria University of Wellington. He is known for his expertise on morphology and word formation. Bauer was an editor of the journal Word Structure. In 2017 he was awarded the Royal Society of New Zealand's Humanities medal.
Paul Baker is a British professor and linguist at the Department of Linguistics and English Language of Lancaster University,United Kingdom. His research focuses on corpus linguistics,critical discourse analysis,corpus-assisted discourse studies and language and identity. He is known for his research on the language of Polari. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society for Arts.
Keith Johnson is a British linguist. He is currently an emeritus professor at the Department of Linguistics and English Language of Lancaster University,United Kingdom. His research focuses on applied linguistics with a special focus on second language acquisition and language teaching.
References
- ↑ "Katamba - Lancaster University". lancaster.ac.uk. 6 April 2019.
- ↑ "Francis Katamba". WorldCat.org. 6 April 2019.
- ↑ Katamba, Francis X. "Dissertations Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, School of by Author "Katamba, F.X."". era.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ↑ "Martin Bygate - Lancaster University". Francis Katamba - Lancaster University. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
- ↑ Hyman & Katamba (1993), p. 56.
- ↑ Katamba, Francis X. "Google Scholar citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
- ↑ Morphology. WorldCat. 27 May 2015. OCLC 29046718.
- ↑ "Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition): Back-Formation". Elsevier. 27 May 2015. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00108-5.
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