The Frankfurt Group, also called the Frankfort Group, the Frankfurt Gang or the Frankfurt Five, [1] was a group of English-speaking composers and friends who studied composition under Iwan Knorr at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main in the late 1890s. [2] The group included H. Balfour Gardiner, Norman O'Neill, Cyril Scott and Roger Quilter, who were all English, and Percy Grainger, who was born in Australia and established himself as a composer in England between 1901 and 1914 before moving to the United States. [2] They remained close friends from their student days onwards. [3]
Knorr, though German-born, was strongly influenced by Russian music and was a believer in fostering the individuality of his pupils. [2] The Frankfurt group were united more by their friendship and their non-conformity than by any common aim, [4] though they did share a dislike of Beethoven, [5] and a resistance to the musical nationalism of the self-styled English Musical Renaissance of Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford, and of the later English Pastoral School of Ralph Vaughan Williams and Gustav Holst. [2] All of them had a predilection for the music of Frederick Delius, [6] although there remains some doubt as to when the individual members first became aware of his music, which was certainly later than when they were a group in the 1890s. [7] The group was distinguished by its rebelliousness, [8] and by studying abroad they stood apart from the conservative wider English musical establishment. [3]
Grainger described the group as Pre-Raphaelite composers, [9] arguing that they were musically distinguished from other British composers by "an excessive emotionality ... particularly a tragic or sentimental or wistful or pathetic emotionality", reached through a focus on chords rather than musical architecture or "the truly English qualities of grandeur, hopefulness and glory". [8] Most rebellious were Grainger and Scott, whose music often crossed the boundaries of accepted musical convention. [8] Scott's work for a time gave up the use of bars and time signatures, while employing dissonant harmonies and highly individual orchestration. [2] The music of Quilter, O'Neill and (sometimes) Balfour Gardiner, shows an influence derived from Delius. [10]
Writing in 1977 Stephen Banfield argued that "today [the Frankfurt Group] is difficult to regard as anything other than a damp squib in the history of English music". Of them all, he said, only Roger Quilter is remembered not as a name but for his music - although only his songs have made an impact. [11]