Fulvous-faced scrub tyrant

Fulvous-faced scrub tyrant
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Euscarthmus
Species:	E. fulviceps
Binomial name
Euscarthmus fulviceps Sclater, PL, 1871
Synonyms
Euscarthmus meloryphus fulviceps

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant, or tawny-fronted pygmy-tyrant (Euscarthmus fulviceps) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Colombia. ^{[2] [3]}

Taxonomy and systematics

What is now the fulvous-faced scrub tyrant was previously a subspecies of what was then the tawny-crowned pygmy tyrant (E. meloryphus). After the split most taxonomic systems renamed its former parent the fulvous-crowned scrub tyrant and gave this species its current common name to avoid confusion with the pre-split species and other, unrelated, species called "pygmy tyrants". ^{[2] [3] [4]} However, as of late 2024 BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World retains the original common name for E. meloryphus and calls this species the tawny-fronted pygmy-tyrant. ^[5]

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant is monotypic. ^[2]

Description

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant is 10 to 12 cm (3.9 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 5.3 to 7.6 g (0.19 to 0.27 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a cinnamon brown crown with a weak crest and a small rufous central crown patch that is somewhat hidden. Their face is mostly fulvous. Their upperparts are cinnamon brown. Their wings are a slightly dusky cinnamon brown with buffy white tips on the coverts that show as two prominent wing bars. Their tail is also a slightly dusky cinnamon brown. Their throat is whitish and their breast pale cream that sometimes has a grayish olive wash. The rest of their underparts are a yellower cream. Both sexes have a brown iris, a dark brown maxilla, a pale pinkish mandible, and pale bluish gray legs and feet with whitish soles on the latter. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Distribution and habitat

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant is found from west-central Esmeraldas Province in northern Ecuador south into Peru. There its range extends on the western slope of the Andes south to Lima Department and further east, south up the valley of the Marañón River at least to Huánuco Department. ^{[6] [7] [8]} At least one unconfirmed sight record in Colombia leads the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to call it hypothetical in that country. ^[9] It inhabits somewhat dry deciduous woodlands and forest, arid scrublands, and shrubby clearings in the tropical lowlands. In Ecuador it mostly occurs below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) but reaches 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the south. In Peru it ranges up to 2,500 m (8,200 ft). ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Behavior

Movement

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant is believed to be a year-round resident though some local movements during the dry season in Ecuador are suspected. ^[6]

Feeding

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant's diet has not been detailed but is assumed to be mostly small arthropods. It forages on and near the ground in dense vegetation, typically singly or in pairs, and usually not with mixed-species feeding flocks. It takes most food by gleaning while perched and also briefly hovers after a short upward flight to pick food from vegetation. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

Breeding

Almost all of the information on the fulvous-faced scrub tyrant's breeding biology comes from Ecuador. There it breeds mostly between March and June. Its nest is an open cup very loosely made from small sticks and plant stems and slung between twigs in a dense shrub, though often at the shrub's outer edges. Twenty nests ranged between 0.5 and 1.7 m (2 and 6 ft) above the ground. The typical clutch is two eggs that are buffy white with darker spots. The incubation period appears to be about 15 days, and the female alone is thought to incubate. The time to fledging and details of parental care are not known. ^[6]

Songs and calls Listen to the fulvous-faced scrub tyrant on the tawny-crowned pygmy-tyrant page on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The fulvous-faced scrub tyrant's song has been described as "a repeated, fast 're-tr-tr-tr-tr-tr-trreétrrrt' " and its call as "an oft-repeated, fast, and explosive 'plee-titik' or 'plee-ti-re-tik' ". ^[7] Another description of the song is "a series of grinding, musical phrases, the final note rising: pit-pit-pit gri-gree-GREE" and of the call "a thin series of piping or bubbling notes: ptee-pee-pew or pitter-pittew". ^[8]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the fulvous-faced scrub tyrant as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be increasing. No immediate threats have been identified. ^[1] It is considered common in Ecuador and fairly common in Peru. ^{[7] [8]} It is found in several protected areas in both countries and "thrives in secondary and modified habitats, actually benefiting from forest clearance and occupying the resultant scrubby areas". ^[6]

References

1. BirdLife International (2024). "Tawny-fronted Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus fulviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2024: e.T103681074A263823844. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved September 29, 2024
4. Clements, J. F., P.C. Rasmussen, T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, A. Spencer, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, M. Smith, and C. L. Wood. 2024. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2024. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved October 23, 2024
5. HBW and BirdLife International (2024). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8.1. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved August 26, 2024
6. Greeney, H. F. and G. M. Kirwan (2023). Fulvous-faced Scrub-Tyrant (Euscarthmus fulviceps), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (H. F. Greeney and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tacpyt2.02 retrieved November 5, 2024
7. Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 472. ISBN   978-0-8014-8721-7.
8. Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 434. ISBN   978-0691130231.
9. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved September 29, 2024