Garsington Manor | |
---|---|
Type | House |
Location | Garsington, Oxfordshire OX44 9DH |
Coordinates | 51°42′48″N1°09′31″W / 51.7133°N 1.1587°W |
Built | 17th century, with later alterations |
Architectural style(s) | Vernacular |
Governing body | Privately owned |
Listed Building – Grade II* | |
Official name | Manor House, Garsington |
Designated | 18 July 1963 |
Reference no. | 1047686 |
Listed Building – Grade II | |
Official name | Gatepiers, walls, gates and railings to forecourt of manor house |
Designated | 25 October 1984 |
Reference no. | 1181670 |
Listed Building – Grade II | |
Official name | Pool, summer house and statuary 60M south of manor house |
Designated | 25 October 1984 |
Reference no. | 1047689 |
Listed Building – Grade II | |
Official name | Stables 30M northeast of manor house |
Designated | 25 October 1984 |
Reference no. | 1047688 |
Listed Building – Grade II | |
Official name | Former bakehouse and attached outbuilding 10M northwest of manor house |
Designated | 25 October 1984 |
Reference no. | 1047687 |
Garsington Manor, in the village of Garsington, near Oxford, England, is a country house, dating from the 17th century. Its fame derives principally from its owner in the early 20th century, the "legendary Ottoline Morrell, who held court from 1915 to 1924". [1]
Members of the Bloomsbury Group, the aristocratic Ottoline, and her wealthy husband Philip, were friends with an array of artists, writers and intellectuals, D. H. Lawrence, T. S. Eliot, E. M. Forster, Bertrand Russell, Aldous Huxley, Virginia Woolf ,Siegfried Sassoon, Stanley and Gilbert Spencer being among the visitors to their house. The manor was later owned by Leonard Ingrams and from 1989 to 2010 was the setting for an annual summer opera season, the Garsington Opera, which relocated to Wormsley Park in 2011. Garsington is a Grade II* listed building.
The manor house was built on land once owned by the son of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, and at one time had the name "Chaucers". [2] It was constructed in the 1630s by a William Wyckham. [3] Lady Ottoline and her husband, Philip Morrell, bought the manor house in 1913, at which time it was in a state of disrepair, having been in use as a farmhouse. They paid £8,450. [4] Their moving in was delayed until May 1915, due to the continuing occupancy by the former tenants. [5]
Garsington became a haven for the Morrells’ friends, including D. H. Lawrence, [6] Siegfried Sassoon, [7] Edward Sackville-West, [8] Lord David Cecil, [9] Lytton Strachey, [10] Aldous Huxley, [11] Mark Gertler, [12] Bertrand Russell, [13] Virginia Woolf, [6] T. S. Eliot, E. M. Forster and Walter de la Mare. [lower-alpha 1] [15] In 1916, they invited conscientious objectors, including Clive Bell and other members of the Bloomsbury Group, to come and work on the home farm for the duration of World War I, as civilian work classified as being of national importance was recognised as an alternative to military service. [16]
Aldous Huxley spent some time at Garsington before he wrote Crome Yellow , a book which contains a caricature based on Ottoline for which she never forgave him. His pen portrait of her, written after their first meeting in 1915, summarises the aspects of her character which both attracted and repelled; "[She] is quite an incredible creature - arty beyond the dreams of avarice and a patroness of literature and the modern. She is intelligent, but her affectation is overwhelming". [17] Huxley was not the only one of Ottoline's friends to mock her in print. [18] Her affair with a stonemason Lionel Gomme, known as "Tiger", who worked on the statuary at Garsington, has been cited by some critics as the basis for Lawrence's portrayal of Lady Chatterley's affair with the gamekeeper, Mellor in his novel of 1928. [lower-alpha 2] [20] [21] Lawrence portrayed her even more directly as Lady Hermione Roddice, in his novel Women in Love . The savagery of the depiction caused a decades-long breach in their friendship, and Philip Morrell threatened to sue Lawrence's publishers. [22]
In Confidence, a short story by Katherine Mansfield, portrays the "wits of Garsington" some four years before Crome Yellow. [23] Not everyone found the atmosphere congenial; the shy poet Cecil Day-Lewis, taken to Garsington by his tutor Maurice Bowra, [lower-alpha 3] found it "a tremendous ordeal" and sought refuge "slinking gloomily amongst the peacocks" in the Italianate gardens. [25] Lytton Strachey complained that the constant coming and going of guests made work impossible: "I sit quivering among a surging mesh of pugs, peacocks, pianolas, and humans - if humans they can be called - the inhabitants of Circe's cave". [26] David Garnett, a writer, and lover of a number of Ottoline's guests, recorded his impressions of Garsington in his autobiography; "Ottoline's pack of pug dogs trotted everywhere and added to the Beardsley quality, which was one half of her natural taste. The characteristic of every house in which Ottoline lived was its smell and the smell of Garsington was stronger than that of Bedford Square. It reeked of the bowls of potpourri and orris root which stood on every mantelpiece, side table and window-sill and of the desiccated oranges, studded with cloves, which Ottoline loved making". [26]
The Morrells restored the house in the 1920s, working with the architect Philip Tilden, and creating landscaped Italian-style gardens. [27] The parterre has 24 square beds with Irish yews at the corners; the Italian garden has a large ornamental pool enclosed by yew hedges and set with statues. This was designed by Charles Edward Mallows; [28] beyond, is a wild garden, with lime-tree avenues, shrubs, a stream and pond. Financial difficulties forced the Morrells to sell Garsington in 1928. The house was subsequently bought by Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, the historian, who lived there until his death in 1975. It was sold in 1981 to Leonard Ingrams, a banker and brother of Richard. [29] Following Leonard Ingrams' death in 2012, the house was again sold. [30]
The house is a rectangular structure, of two storeys with attics. [1] The building material is limestone rubble. [31] In his memoirs, True Remembrances-the memoirs of an architect, Philip Tilden recorded the unobtrusive style he sought to achieve at Garsington; "I doubt whether the present-day visitor could spot these alterations, they were made out of odd bits, and the workmanship was carried out by men of the old school". [lower-alpha 4] [33]
Garsington is a Grade II* listed building, [31] and its gardens are also grade II* on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. [34] A number of other buildings on the estate, and landscaping features in the gardens have Grade II listings including the stables, [35] the bakehouse, [36] the gates at the forecourt to the manor, [37] the pool, a summer house and statuary [38] and an 18th-century dovecote. [39]
Aldous Leonard Huxley was an English writer and philosopher. His bibliography spans nearly 50 books, including novels and non-fiction works, as well as essays, narratives, and poems.
Lady Ottoline Violet Anne Morrell was an English aristocrat and society hostess. Her patronage was influential in artistic and intellectual circles, where she befriended writers including Aldous Huxley, Siegfried Sassoon, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence, and artists including Mark Gertler, Dora Carrington and Gilbert Spencer.
Garsington is a village and civil parish about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southeast of Oxford in Oxfordshire. "A History of the County of Oxfordshire" provides a detailed history of the parish from 1082. The 2011 census recorded the parish's population as 1,689. The village is known for the artistic colony and flamboyant social life of the Bloomsbury Group at Garsington Manor when it was the home from 1914 to 1928 of Philip and Ottoline Morrell, and for the Garsington Opera which was staged there from 1989 to 2010.
Point Counter Point is a novel by Aldous Huxley, first published in 1928. It is Huxley's longest novel, and was notably more complex and serious than his earlier fiction.
Frank James Prewett was a Canadian poet who spent most of his life in the United Kingdom. He was a war poet of the First World War and was taken up by Siegfried Sassoon, but after a period of being lionised socially he led a mainly unsatisfactory life, suffering from bad health.
Bedford Square is a garden square in the Bloomsbury district of the Borough of Camden in London, England.
Crome Yellow is the first novel by British author Aldous Huxley, published by Chatto & Windus in 1921, followed by a U.S. edition by George H. Doran Company in 1922. Though a social satire of its time, it is still appreciated and has been adapted to different media.
Leonard Victor Ingrams, OBE was a financier and opera festival founder/impresario.
Gerald Frank Shove was a British economist. He was involved in the economics debates in Cambridge in the 1920s and 1930s.
Headington Hill Hall stands on Headington Hill in the east of Oxford, England. It was built in 1824 for the Morrell family, who remained in residence for 114 years. It became the home to Pergamon Press and to media tycoon Robert Maxwell. It currently houses Oxford Brookes School of Law.
Philip Edward Morrell was a British Liberal politician.
Gilbert Spencer was a British painter of landscapes, portraits, figure compositions and mural decorations. He worked in oils and watercolour. He was the younger brother of the painter Stanley Spencer.
Prior's Field is an independent girls' boarding and day school in Guildford, Surrey in the south-east of England. Founded in 1902 by Julia Huxley, it stands in 42 acres of parkland, 34 miles south-west of London and adjacent to the A3 road, which runs between the capital and the south coast.
Hawridge Windmill which is also known as Cholesbury Windmill is a disused tower mill in Hawridge, Buckinghamshire. The mill was constructed on the site of an earlier smock mill and became a private residence in 1913 when the first occupier, the writer Gilbert Cannan used it as a studio.
Port Lympne, at Lympne, Kent is an early 20th-century country house built for Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet by Herbert Baker and Philip Tilden. Completed after the First World War. Following Sassoon's death in 1939 it was bequeathed with its contents, including cars and planes, to Hannah Gubbay, his cousin. It was abandoned after the Second World War. In 1973, it was purchased by John Aspinall as part of an expansion of his Port Lympne Zoo. The house is a Grade II* listed building as of 29 December 1966.
Philip Tilden was an English architect, active in the early twentieth century, who worked for some of the most prominent members of English society, including Winston Churchill, David Lloyd George, Lord Beaverbrook, Sir Philip Sassoon, Lady Ottoline Morrell and Gordon Selfridge.
Gloomsbury was a BBC Radio 4 comedy sitcom which gently parodied the lives, loves and works of the Bloomsbury Group. It was written by Sue Limb and five series were produced, in 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018.
The Bloomsbury Group plays a prominent role in the LGBT history of its day.
Ayot Park is a grade II listed park and garden at Ayot St Lawrence in Hertfordshire, England. It contains the grade II* listed Ayot House along with an earlier manor house and a walled kitchen garden which are also listed.