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General | |
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Symbol | 198Au |
Names | gold-198 |
Protons (Z) | 79 |
Neutrons (N) | 119 |
Nuclide data | |
Half-life (t1/2) | 2.6946 d [1] |
Isotope mass | 197.9682437 [2] Da |
Spin | 2− |
Decay products | 198Hg |
Decay modes | |
Decay mode | Decay energy (MeV) |
β− | 1.373 [3] |
Isotopes of gold Complete table of nuclides |
Gold-198 (198Au) is a radioactive isotope of gold, normally made by neutron capture on natural gold (entirely gold-197). It undergoes exclusively beta decay to stable 198 Hg with a half-life of 2.6946 days.
The decay properties of 198Au have led to interest in its potential use in radiotherapy for cancer treatments. This isotope has also found use in nuclear weapons research and as a radioactive tracer in hydrological research.
198Au was possibly observed for the first time in 1935 by Enrico Fermi et al., though it was not correctly identified at the time. This isotope was conclusively identified in 1937 following neutron irradiation of stable 197Au and was ascribed a half-life of approximately 2.7 days. [4]
The decay of 198Au (shown) is relatively simple, involving only three levels of the daughter product nucleus. 99% of decaying atoms follow the path to the middle level, and thus emit a beta particle with maximum energy 961 keV (the rest goes to the neutrino) and a single gamma ray of energy 412 keV (converted about 4%). [3]
198Au is used for radiotherapy in some cancer treatments. [5] [6] Its properties may be favorable for use in medicine because the 4 mm penetration range of its beta particles in tissue allows it to destroy tumors without nearby non-cancerous tissue being affected by radiation, [7] and its half-life is short but not so short as to create problems in handling or delivery. For this reason, 198Au nanoparticles are being investigated as an injectable treatment for prostate cancer. [7] [8]
Sediment and water flow can be investigated using radioactive tracers such as 198Au. This has been used extensively since artificial radioisotopes became available in the 1950s, as a supplement to millennia of investigations using other tracing techniques. [9]
Inside coker units at oil refineries, 198Au is used to study the hydrodynamic behavior of solids in fluidized beds and can also be used to quantify the degree of fouling of bed internals. [10]
Gold has been proposed as a material for creating a salted nuclear weapon (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of natural 197
Au (the only stable gold isotope), irradiated by the intense neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would be transmuted into 198Au, whose gamma emission would significantly increase the radioactive hazard of the weapon's fallout for days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. [11]
The highest amount of 198Au detected in any United States nuclear test was in shot "Sedan" detonated at Nevada Test Site on July 6, 1962. [12]
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