Golden Rose

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Golden Rose by Giuseppe and Pietro Paolo Spagna. Rome, around 1818/19. Kept today in the Imperial Treasury in Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna. Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (129).JPG
Golden Rose by Giuseppe and Pietro Paolo Spagna. Rome, around 1818/19. Kept today in the Imperial Treasury in Hofburg Imperial Palace in Vienna.

The Golden Rose (Latin : Rosa aurea, Italian : Rosa d'oro) is a gold ornament, which popes of the Catholic Church have traditionally blessed annually. It is occasionally conferred as a token of reverence or affection. Recipients have included churches and sanctuaries, royalty, military figures, and governments.

Contents

Significance and symbolism

Golden Rose of Minucchio da Siena (1330), given by Pope John XXII to Rudolph III of Nidau, Count of Neuchatel Golden Rose MNMA Cl2351 n1.jpg
Golden Rose of Minucchio da Siena (1330), given by Pope John XXII to Rudolph III of Nidau, Count of Neuchâtel

The rose is blessed on the fourth Sunday of Lent, Lætare Sunday (also known as Rose Sunday), when rose-coloured vestments and draperies substitute for the penitential purple, symbolizing hope and joy in the midst of Lenten solemnity. Throughout most of Lent, Catholics pray, fast, perform penance, and meditate upon the malice of sin and its negative effects; but Rose Sunday is an opportunity to look beyond Christ's death at Calvary and forward to His joyous Resurrection. The beautiful Golden Rose symbolizes the Risen Christ of glorious majesty. (The Messiah is hailed "the flower of the field and the lily of the valleys" in the Bible.) [1] The rose's fragrance, according to Pope Leo XIII, "shows the sweet odor of Christ which should be widely diffused by His faithful followers" (Acta, vol. VI, 104), and the thorns and red tint of the petals refer to His bloody Passion.

Many popes, on the occasion of conferring the Rose, have in sermons and letters explained its mystical significance. Innocent III said: "As Lætare Sunday, the day set apart for the function, represents love after hate, joy after sorrow, and fullness after hunger, so does the rose designate by its colour, odour and taste, love, joy and satiety respectively," also comparing the rose to the flower referred to in Isaiah 11:1: "There shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise up out of his root."

History and development of the modern Rose

Workmanship

The blossom

Before the pontificate of Sixtus IV (1471–84) the Golden Rose consisted of a simple and single blossom made of pure gold and slightly tinted with red. Later, to embellish the ornament while still retaining the mystical symbolism, the gold was left untinted but rubies and afterwards many precious gems were placed in the heart of the rose or on its petals.

Pope Sixtus IV substituted in place of the single rose a thorny branch with leaves and many (ten or more) roses, the largest of which sprang from the top of the branch with smaller roses clustering around it. In the center of the principal rose was a tiny cup with a perforated cover, into which the pope poured musk and balsam to bless the rose. The whole ornament was of pure gold. This 'Sistine' design was maintained but varied as to decoration, size, weight and value. Originally it was little over three inches in height, and was easily carried in the Pope's left hand as he blessed the multitude with his right hand, when passing in procession from the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (in Rome) to the Lateran Palace. Afterwards, especially when a vase and large pedestal became part of the ornament, a robust cleric was required to carry it, preceding the papal cross in the procession. The rose sent to Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick, wife of Joseph I, afterwards emperor, by Innocent XI, weighed 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and was almost 18 inches (460 mm) high. It was in bouquet form, with three twisting branches that came together after many windings at the top of the stem, supporting a large rose and cluster of leaves.

Vase and pedestal

The vase and the pedestal supporting it have varied as to material, weight, and form. In the beginning they were made of gold; but afterward of silver heavily gilt with gold. The pedestal can be either triangular, quadrangular, or octangular, and is richly ornamented with various decorations and bas-reliefs. In addition to the customary inscription, the coat of arms of the pope who had the ornament made, and that of he who blessed and conferred it, are engraved on the pedestal.

Value of the ornament

Golden Rose from the Vatican Library. Created by Giuseppe Salvi in 1868-70 Golden rose Biblioteca apostolica.jpg
Golden Rose from the Vatican Library. Created by Giuseppe Salvi in 1868-70

The value of the rose varies according to the munificence of the pontiffs or the economic circumstances of the times.

Baldassari (1709) stated that the rose conferred about the year 1650 cost about 500 scudi d'oro (equivalent of about 1.7 kg (3.7 lb) of gold). The two roses sent by Pope Alexander VII were valued at about 800 and 1200 scudi respectively. Pope Clement IX sent the Queen of France one costing about 1600 scudi, made of 8 lb (3.6 kg) of gold. The workmanship on this rose was exceedingly fine, for which the artificer received the equivalent of 300 scudi. Innocent XI caused 7.5 lb (3.4 kg) of gold to be formed into a rose, which was further embellished with many sapphires, costing in all 1450 scudi. [2]

Rock (1909) adds that in the 19th century not a few of the roses cost 2000 scudi and more. [3]

Origin

The custom of giving the rose supplanted the ancient practice of sending Catholic rulers the Golden Keys from St. Peter's Confessional, a custom introduced either by Pope Gregory II (716) or Pope Gregory III (740). A certain analogy exists between the rose and the keys: both are of pure gold blessed and bestowed by the pope upon illustrious Catholics, and also, both are somewhat reminiscent of a reliquary—the rose contains musk and balsam, the keys are filings from the Chair of St. Peter.

The exact date of the institution of the rose is unknown. According to some it is anterior to Charlemagne (742–814), according to others it had its origin at the end of the 12th century, but it certainly antedates the year 1050, since Pope Leo IX (1051) speaks of the rose as of an ancient institution at his time.

The custom, started when the popes moved to Avignon, of conferring the rose upon the most deserving prince at the papal court, continued after the papacy moved back to Rome. The prince would receive the rose from the pope in a solemn ceremony and be accompanied by the College of Cardinals from the papal palace to his residence. From the beginning of the seventeenth century, the rose was sent only to queens, princesses and eminent noblemen. Emperors, kings and princes were given a blessed sword and hat as a more suitable gift. However, if a deserving Catholic emperor, king or other great prince was present in Rome on Lætare Sunday, he would be presented with the rose.

The office of carrying and conferring the rose upon those living outside of Rome was given by the pope to cardinal legates a latere, nuncios, inter-nuncios and Apostolic ablegates. In 1895 a new office, called "Bearer of the Golden Rose" or "Keeper of the Golden Rose", destined for Members of Royal Houses (not hereditary), was instituted, and assigned to a privy chamberlain of sword and cape de numero participantium, a rank within the Papal Household, but it was abolished in a series of reforms in 1968 by Pope Paul VI.

Blessing of the Rose

Golden Rose presented to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Benedict XVI. NationalShrineOfTheImmaculateConceptionGoldenRose.jpg
Golden Rose presented to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Benedict XVI.

The earliest roses were not blessed; instead, blessing was introduced to render the ceremony more solemn and induce greater reverence for it on the part of the recipient. According to Cardinal Petra (Comment. in Constit. Apostolicas, III, 2, col. 1), Pope Innocent IV (1245–54) was the first to bless it. However, others claim that Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), Pope Alexander III (1159–81) or Pope Leo IX (1049–55) was the first. It is said that Leo IX, in 1051, obliged the monastery (nuns) of Bamberg in Franconia, to furnish a Golden Rose to be blessed and carried on Laetare Sunday each year (Theop. Raynaud, De rosa mediana a pontifice consecrata, IV, 413). Pope Benedict XIV attests that the ceremony of blessing originated at the end of the 14th or the beginning of the 15th century. Catalanus, papal master of ceremonies, believes that even the earliest roses were anointed with musk and balsam, but the blessing with prayers, incense, and holy water had its inception later on, sometime before pontificate of Pope Julius II (1503–13). Currently, the pope blesses the rose every year, but it is not always a new and different rose; the old one is used until it has been given away.

Originally (before the papacy moved to Avignon) the rose was blessed in the Hall of Vestments (sacristy) in the palace where the pope was; but the solemn Mass and the donation of the rose took place in the Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (a figure, according to Pope Innocent III, of the heavenly Jerusalem). The blessing was followed by a solemn Mass sung either by the pope himself or the first Cardinal Priest. In the former case the rose was placed on a veil of rose-colored silk richly embroidered with gold; in the latter the pope held the rose in his hand, except while kneeling, or during the Introit, Confiteor, Elevation and the singing of "Laudemus in Domino". Rose in hand, the pope returned processionally to the Lateran Palace; the Prefect of Rome led his horse by the bridle and aided him in dismounting. Upon arrival, he gave the rose to the Prefect, as a recompense for these acts of respect and homage. Before 1305, the rose was given in Rome to no foreigner, except to the Emperor on the day of his coronation. While residing at Avignon (1305–1375), the popes, unable to visit Roman churches and basilicas, performed many of their sacred functions, among them the blessing of the rose, in the private chapel of their palace (whence the origin of the Cappella Pontificia). On their return to Rome they (Sixtus V excepted) retained this custom.

The Golden Rose is presented by Archbishop Domenico Maria Jacobini to Amelie of Orleans, Queen of Portugal, at Necessidades Palace, 1892 Entrega da Rosa de Ouro por Monsenhor Jacobini a Rainha D. Amelia - O Occidente (11Jul1892).png
The Golden Rose is presented by Archbishop Domenico Maria Jacobini to Amélie of Orléans, Queen of Portugal, at Necessidades Palace, 1892

The blessing of the rose now takes place in the Hall of Vestments (camera dei parimenti), and the solemn Mass in the papal chapel. The rose is placed on a table with lighted candles, and the pope, vested in alb and rose-colored stole and cope with precious mitre on his head, begins the ceremony with the usual versicles and the following poetical prayer:

"O God! by Whose word and power all things have been created, by Whose will all things are directed, we humbly beseech Thy Majesty, Who art the joy and gladness of all the faithful, that Thou wouldst deign in Thy fatherly love to bless and sanctify this rose, most delightful in odour and appearance, which we this day carry in sign of spiritual joy, in order that the people consecrated by Thee and delivered from the yoke of Babylonian slavery through the favour of Thine only-begotten Son, Who is the glory and exultation of the people of Israel and of that Jerusalem which is our Heavenly mother, may with sincere hearts show forth their joy. Wherefore, O Lord, on this day, when the Church exults in Thy name and manifests her joy by this sign [the rose], confer upon us through her true and perfect joy and accepting her devotion of today; do Thou remit sin, strengthen faith, increase piety, protect her in Thy mercy, drive away all things adverse to her and make her ways safe and prosperous, so that Thy Church, as the fruit of good works, may unite in giving forth the perfume of the ointment of that flower sprung from the root of Jesse and which is the mystical flower of the field and lily of the valleys, and remain happy without end in eternal glory together with all the saints."

The prayer finished, the pope puts incense (handed by the cardinal-deacon) into the censer and incenses the balsam and then the musk, and afterwards puts the balsam and powdered musk into the tiny cup in the heart of the principal rose. He then incenses the rose and sprinkles it with holy water. It is then given to the youngest cleric of the Camera, who carries it in front of the pope to the chapel, where it is placed on the altar at the foot of the cross upon a richly embroidered silk veil, where it remains during the Mass sung by the first cardinal-priest. After the Mass, the rose is carried in procession before the pope to the sacristy, where it is carefully put away in a place set apart for it, until bestowed upon some worthy personage.

Recipients

the pope sent queen Elisabeth of Belgium an Golden Rose, given by Mgr. Micare during an audience. Pauselijke onderscheidingen, SFA022825225.jpg
the pope sent queen Elisabeth of Belgium an Golden Rose, given by Mgr. Micare during an audiënce.
Golden Rose of the Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel Gouden Roos.JPG
Golden Rose of the Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel

Golden Roses have been awarded to people men, women, and one married couple - as well as to states and churches.

Until the sixteenth century Golden Roses were usually awarded to male sovereigns. From the sixteenth century onwards it became more common to award them to female sovereigns and to the wives of sovereigns. The last male to receive a Golden Rose was Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice, in 1759. The last person to receive a Golden Rose was Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg, in 1956.

Among the principal churches to which the rose has been presented are St. Peter's Basilica (five roses), the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (four roses), [4] the Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida (three roses), [5] and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (two roses). [6]

Since Paul VI, all Golden Roses have been awarded to churches; all of Benedict XVI's, and Francis' awards were to Marian shrines or Marian images.

YearRecipientPopeType of recipientGeographical area of recipientNotes
1096 Fulk IV, Count of Anjou Urban II manFrance [7]
1148 Alfonso VII, King of León and Castile Eugene III manSpain
1163 Louis VII, King of France Alexander III manFrance
1183 William I, King of Scots Lucius III manScotland [8]
1227 Raimondo Orsini Gregory IX manItaly [9]
1244 Church of Saint-Just, Lyon Innocent IV churchFrance [9]
1304 Church of San Domenico, Perugia Benedict XI churchItaly [9]
1348 Louis I, King of Naples Clement VI manItaly
1348 Louis I, King of Hungary Clement VI manHungary [9]
1350 Niccolò Acciaioli, Grand Seneschal of Naples Innocent VI manItaly [9]
1362-70 Valdemar IV of Denmark Urban V manDenmark [9]
1368 Joanna I, Queen of Naples Urban V womanItaly [9]
1369 St. Peter's Basilica Urban V churchItaly [9]
1389 Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini Urban V manItaly [9]
1391 Alberto d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara Boniface IX manItaly [9]
1393 Astorre I Manfredi da Bagnacavallo Boniface IX manItaly [9]
1398 Ugolino III Trinci, Lord of Foligno Boniface IX manItaly [9]
1410 Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara Alexander V manItaly [10]
1411 Charles VI, King of France John XXIII manFrance [10]
1413 Luigi Alidosi, Lord of Imola John XXIII manItaly [10]
1415 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor John XXIII manGermany [10]
1419 Republic of Florence Martin V stateItaly [10]
1420 Guidantonio da Montefeltro, Count of Urbino Martin V manItaly [10]
1435 Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor Eugene IV manGermany [10]
1444 Henry VI, King of England Eugene IV manEngland
1448 Casimir IV, King of Poland Nicholas V manPoland
1452 Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Empress Eleonora Nicholas V coupleGermanyreceived the day after they were crowned
1457 Charles VII, King of France Callistus III manFrance
1461 March 15 Thomas Palaiologos Pius II manGreece [11]
1477 Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua Sixtus IV manItaly [12]
1481 Louis XI of France Sixtus IV manFrance [13]
1482 Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg Sixtus IV manGermany
1486 James III, King of Scotland Innocent VIII manScotland
1491 James IV, King of Scotland Innocent VIII manScotland
1493 Isabella I, Queen of Castile Alexander VI womanSpain
1505 Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland Julius II manPoland
1506 Manuel I, King of Portugal Julius II manPortugal
1514 Manuel I, King of Portugal Leo X manPortugalSecond award
1518 Frederick III, Elector of Saxony Leo X manGermany
1512? Henry VIII, King of England Julius II manEngland
1521? Henry VIII, King of England Leo X manEngland
1524 Henry VIII, King of England Clement VII manEngland
1537 Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua Paul III manItaly [14] because of his kindness towards the Fathers of the Council of Trent
1543 Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara Paul III manItaly [15]
1548 Catherine de' Medici, Queen of France Paul III womanFrance [15]
1550 João Manuel, Prince of Portugal Julius III manPortugal [15]
1551 Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Julius III churchItaly [15]
1555 Mary I, Queen of England Paul IV womanEngland [15]
1557María Enríquez Álvarez de Toledo, Duchess of Alba de Tormes Paul IV womanSpain [15] wife of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba de Tormes
1560 Mary, Queen of Scots Pius IV womanScotland
1561 Anne, Queen of Bohemia Pius IV womanBohemia [15]
1564 Republic of Lucca Pius IV stateItaly [15]
1568 May 11 Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany Pius V womanItaly
1572 Charles IX, King of France Gregory XIII manFrancegiven in appreciation of the King's role in enabling St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1574 March 24 Don John of Austria Gregory XIIImanSpain and Germanygiven in the church of St. Clara, Naples, by the Pope's Chamberlain, "in token of his [the Pope's] benevolence and paternal love." [16]
1592 Henry IV, King of France Clement VIII manFrance
1597 Morosina Morosini Clement VIII womanVenicegiven at her coronation as Dogaressa of Venice
1598 Margaret, Queen of Spain Clement VIII womanSpainreceived on the day she was married by proxy to Philip III, King of Spain
1607 Santa Maria sopra Minerva Paul V churchItaly [17]
1610 Sancta Sanctorum Paul V churchItaly [17]
1625 Henrietta Maria, Queen of England and Scotland Urban VIII womanEngland and Scotland [17] received at Amiens
1626/7 Ferdinand II, Grand Duke of Tuscany Urban VIII manItaly [17]
1628 Maddalena, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany Urban VIII womanItaly [17]
1630 Maria Anna, Queen of Hungary Urban VIII womanGermany [17] later Empress Consort
1631 Taddeo Barberini, Prefect of Rome Urban VIII manItaly [17] he was the pope's nephew
1634 St. Peter's Basilica Urban VIII churchItaly [17]
1635 Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria Urban VIII womanGermany [18]
1649 Mariana, Queen of Spain Innocent X womanSpain [19]
1651? Marie Louise, Queen of Poland Innocent X womanPoland [19]
1654 Lucrezia, Duchess of Modena Innocent X womanItaly [19]
1658 Siena Cathedral Alexander VII churchItaly [19] cathedral of the pope's hometown, rose designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
1668 Maria Theresa, Queen of France Alexander VII womanFrancefor her infant son, the Dauphin, for whom the pope was godfather
1672 Elenor, Queen of Poland Clement X womanPoland
1684 March 25 Marie Casimire Louise, Queen of Poland Innocent XI womanPoland [20]
1699 Wilhelmina Amalia, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire Innocent XII womanGermany
1701 Maria Luisa, Queen of Spain Clement XI womanSpain
1726 Violante Beatrice, Grand Princess of Tuscany Benedict XIII womanItaly [21]
1736 Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland Clement XII womanPoland [22]
1759 Francesco Loredan, Doge of Venice Clement XIII manItaly
1776 Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen Pius VI womanAustria
1784 Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma Pius VI womanItaly
1790 Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples Pius VI womanItaly
1819 Caroline Augusta, Empress of Austria Leo XII womanAustria
1825 Maria Theresa, Queen Dowager of Sardinia Leo XII womanItaly
1830Cathedral of Cingoli Pius VIII churchItaly [23] cathedral of the pope's hometown
1832 Maria Anna, Queen of Hungary Gregory XVI womanAustria [23] later Empress Consort of Austria
1833 St Mark's Basilica Gregory XVI churchItaly [23]
1842 Maria II, Queen of Portugal Gregory XVI womanPortugal
1849 Princess Maria Pia of Savoy Pius IX womanItalygiven by her godfather on the day of her baptism; later Queen Consort of Portugal
1856 Eugenie, Empress of the French Pius IX womanFrance
1861 Maria Sophie, Queen of the Two Sicilies Pius IX womanItaly
1868 Elisabeth, Empress of Austria Pius IX womanAustria
1868 Isabella II, Queen of Spain Pius IX womanSpain
1870 Sant'Antonio dei Portoghesi Pius IX churchItaly [24]
1877 Sep. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes Pius IX shrineFrance [25]
1886 Maria Christina, Queen Dowager of Spain Leo XIII womanSpain
1887 Mary Gwendoline Caldwell Leo XIII womanUnited StatesMrs. Caldwell had donated money towards the founding of the Catholic University of America [26] [27]
1888 Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil Leo XIII womanBrazilsee Lei Áurea
1892 Amélie, Queen of Portugal Leo XIII womanPortugal
1893 Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians Leo XIII womanBelgium
1923 Victoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain Pius XI womanSpain
1926 Elisabeth, Queen of the Belgians Pius XI womanBelgium
1930 Elena, Queen of Italy Pius XI womanItaly [28]
1937 Elena, Queen of Italy Pius XI womanItaly [29] in observance of her 40th wedding anniversary
1953 Se Cathedral Pius XII churchIndia [30] placed on the tomb of Francis Xavier
1956 Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg Pius XII womanLuxembourg
1964 Church of the Nativity Paul VI churchPalestine [31]
1965 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Paul VI shrinePortugal [32]
1966 March 25 Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Paul VI churchMexico [30]
1967 Basilica of Our Lady Aparecida (now known as the "Old Basilica of Aparecida") Paul VI churchBrazil [30]
1979 June Black Madonna of Częstochowa John Paul II shrinePoland [33]
1979 Sep. Knock Shrine John Paul II shrineIreland [34]
1982 June Basilica of Our Lady of Luján John Paul II shrineArgentina [35] [36] [37]
1985 June 28Basilica of Assumption of Mary and Saints Cyril and Methodius in Velehrad John Paul II shrineCzech Republic [38] [39]
1987 June Kalwaria Zebrzydowska John Paul II shrinePoland [40]
1988 May 14 Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Evangelization John Paul II shrineLima, Peru [41]
2000 Dec. Holy House of Loreto John Paul II shrineItaly
2004 Aug. 14 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes John Paul II shrineFrance [42] Second award
2004 Oct. 17 Saint Joseph's Oratory John Paul II churchMontreal, Canada

[43]

2004 Dec. Sameiro Sanctuary John Paul II shrineBraga, Portugal

[44]

2006 Black Madonna of Częstochowa Benedict XVI shrinePolandSecond award
2007 May 12 Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida ("New Basilica of Aparecida") Benedict XVI shrineBrazilSecond award to the image of Our Lady Aparecida. The first award was given to the image in 1967 when it was housed in the Old Basilica, before the construction and consecration of the new Basilica in 1980. [45]
2007 Sep. 8 Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary Mariazell Benedict XVI shrineAustria [46] [47]
2008 Apr. 9 Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting Benedict XVI shrineAltötting, Germany [48]
2008 Apr. 16 Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Benedict XVI shrineWashington D.C., USA [49]
2008 May 17 Sanctuary of Nostra Signora della Misericordia Benedict XVI shrineSavona, Italy [50]
2008 May 18 Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia Benedict XVI shrineGenoa, Italy [50]
2008 Sep. 7 Shrine of Our Lady of Bonaria Benedict XVI shrineCagliary, Italy [50]
2008 Oct. 19 Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei Benedict XVI shrinePompei, Italy [51]

[52]

2009 Apr. 28 Shrine of Our Lady of the Cross Benedict XVI shrineAquila, Italyafter the earthquake [53]
2009 May Shrine of Our Lady of Europe Benedict XVI shrineGibraltar [54] [55]
2009 Nov. 22 Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza Benedict XVI shrineJaén, Spain [50]
2010 Catedral Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Valle Benedict XVI churchArgentina [37] [56]
2010 Apr. 18 Shrine of Our Lady of Ta' Pinu Benedict XVI shrineMalta [57]
2010 May 12 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Benedict XVI shrinePortugalSecond award [58]

[59]

2010 Aug. 23 Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Valley Benedict XVI shrineCatamarca, Argentina [60]
2010 Nov. 13 Virgen of Socorro Benedict XVI shrineValencia, Venezuela [61]
2011 May 15 Basilica of Our Lady of Scherpenheuvel Benedict XVI shrineBelgium

[62]

2012 March 26 Basílica Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora de la Caridad Benedict XVI churchCobre, Cuba [63] [64]
2013 Nov. 22 Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Francis shrineMexico

[65] Second award

2015 June 21 Santuario della Consolata Francis shrineItaly [66] Given during the pope's visit during the public showing of the Shroud of Turin
2016 July 28 Black Madonna of Częstochowa Francis shrinePoland [67] Third Award
2017 May 13 Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Francis shrinePortugalThird Award [68]
2017 October 7 Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady Aparecida ("New Basilica of Aparecida") Francis shrineBrazilThird award of the Golden Rose to the icon of Our Lady Aparecida; second award since the icon was transferred from the Old Basilica to the new Basilica. This award commemorates the 300 anniversary of the icon's appearance and of devotion to it. [69]
2019 June 1 Our Lady of Csíksomlyó Francis Marian imageTransylvania, Romania [70]
2021 September 15 Basilica of Our Lady of Sorrows Francis shrine/Marian imageSlovakia [71]
2022 April 2 Blessed Virgin of Ta' Pinu Francis shrineMaltaSecond award [72]
2022 August 15 Our Lady of Altagracia Francis Marian imageDominican Republic [73]
2022 November 18 Our Lady of Chiquinquirá Francis church/Marian imageVenezuela [74]
2023 October 7 Our Lady of Montserrat Francis Marian imageSpain [75]
2023 December 8 Salus Populi Romani Francis Marian imageItaly [76]
2024 February 26 Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage Francis shrine/Marian imagePhilippinesGifted in thanksgiving for the erection of the Antipolo Cathedral as an International Shrine. [77]
2024 September 8 Our Lady of Luján Francis Marian image Vanimo, Papua New Guinea [78]
2024 September 26 Our Lady of Luxembourg Francis church/Marian imageLuxembourg [79]
2024 December 3 Virgin of Hope of Macarena Francis Marian imageSpain [80]

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Wikisource-logo.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Golden Rose". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.