Halorhodospira neutriphila

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Halorhodospira neutriphila
Scientific classification
Domain:
Phylum:
Class:
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Genus:
Species:
H. neutriphila
Binomial name
Halorhodospira neutriphila
Hirschler-Réa et al. 2003 [1]
Type strain
DSM 15116, JCM 17835, SG 3301 [2]
Synonyms

Halorhodospira neutrophila [2]

Halorhodospira neutriphila is a bacterium from the genus of Halorhodospira which has been isolated from a microbial mat from a marine saltern from Rhone Delta in France. [3] [1] [2] [4] [5] The microbial mat forms at the sediment surface and is between 10 and 20 mm thick, below a fine layer (2–3 cm) of gypsum crust. [3] The mat is composed of a red layer of purple bacteria strains below a green layer of cyanobacteria, interspersed with sulfur globules, and occasionally covered by halite deposits. [3] These mat forming microbes live in anoxic muds and sediments and form a benthic mat in a hypersaline lagoon environment where the salinity of the water ranges from 240-320‰ of total salinity. [3] H. neutriphila was isolated from the red layer of the microbial layer and found to be extremely halophilic and well adapted to withstand the extreme saline conditions of their modified marine habitat. The type strain was identified as strain SG 3301T. [3]

Phenotypic Characteristics

H. neutriphila is a phototrophic, purple bacteria with a spirilloid morphology and motile with polar flagella. This species of bacteria is gram negative and the cell size ranges (width by length) from 1-1.2 μm x 2-5 μm. [3]  H. neutriphila has a photosynthetic intracellular membrane system that consists of lamellar stacks with spirilloxanthin and BChl a as the major carotenoids. [3]

Optimal Growth

Optimal growth for H. neutriphila occurs with a 9-12% (w/v) NaCl presence in culture and a medium supplemented with 1mM Na2S.9H20, 2mM acetate, 1mM succinate, and 0.05% yeast extract. [3] Their metabolism is most efficient with sulfide and acetate as electron donors and CO2 as the carbon source. Maximum growth occurs at a pH range of 6.8 - 7 at 30-35 °C under a light intensity of 5000 lux with a 16h:8h light to dark cycle. [3] The growth rate for the type strain is recorded to be 0.034 h^ -1 and cell replication occurs through binary fission. [3]

Genetic Characteristics

The composition of DNA bases for the type strain is 74.5 mol% G+C. [3] The 16S rDNA gene, with a partial genome length of 1357 base pairs, was used to determine the relatedness of the H. neutriphila type strain to other strains, including SG 3304 with which it shares 100% homology. [6] [3] The type strain was closely related to the species Rhodovibrio sodomensis with 98.8% homology and Halorhodospira halophila with 94.6% homology. [3] The strains SG 3301T and SG 3304 were determined to be genetically, morphologically, and physiologically different enough from other species in the genus Halorhodospira to be classified as a new species; they were named Halorhodospira neutriphila sp. nov. [3]

Related Research Articles

The purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) are part of a group of Pseudomonadota capable of photosynthesis, collectively referred to as purple bacteria. They are anaerobic or microaerophilic, and are often found in stratified water environments including hot springs, stagnant water bodies, as well as microbial mats in intertidal zones. Unlike plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, purple sulfur bacteria do not use water as their reducing agent, and therefore do not produce oxygen. Instead, they can use sulfur in the form of sulfide, or thiosulfate (as well, some species can use H2, Fe2+, or NO2) as the electron donor in their photosynthetic pathways. The sulfur is oxidized to produce granules of elemental sulfur. This, in turn, may be oxidized to form sulfuric acid.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Purple bacteria</span> Group of phototrophic bacteria

Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b, together with various carotenoids, which give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. They may be divided into two groups – purple sulfur bacteria and purple non-sulfur bacteria. Purple bacteria are anoxygenic phototrophs widely spread in nature, but especially in aquatic environments, where there are anoxic conditions that favor the synthesis of their pigments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromatiaceae</span> Family of purple sulfur bacteria

The Chromatiaceae are one of the two families of purple sulfur bacteria, together with the Ectothiorhodospiraceae. They belong to the order Chromatiales of the class Gammaproteobacteria, which is composed by unicellular Gram-negative organisms. Most of the species are photolithoautotrophs and conduct an anoxygenic photosynthesis, but there are also representatives capable of growing under dark and/or microaerobic conditions as either chemolithoautotrophs or chemoorganoheterotrophs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Algal mat</span> Microbial mat that forms on the surface of water or rocks

Algal mats are one of many types of microbial mat that forms on the surface of water or rocks. They are typically composed of blue-green cyanobacteria and sediments. Formation occurs when alternating layers of blue-green bacteria and sediments are deposited or grow in place, creating dark-laminated layers. Stromatolites are prime examples of algal mats. Algal mats played an important role in the Great Oxidation Event on Earth some 2.3 billion years ago. Algal mats can become a significant ecological problem, if the mats grow so expansive or thick as to disrupt the other underwater marine life by blocking the sunlight or producing toxic chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sulfur-reducing bacteria</span> Microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2
as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.

<i>Beggiatoa</i> Genus of bacteria

Beggiatoa is a genus of Gammaproteobacteria belonging to the order Thiotrichales, in the Pseudomonadota phylum. These bacteria form colorless filaments composed of cells that can be up to 200 µm in diameter, and are one of the largest prokaryotes on Earth. Beggiatoa are chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizers, using reduced sulfur species as an energy source. They live in sulfur-rich environments such as soil, both marine and freshwater, in the deep sea hydrothermal vents, and in polluted marine environments. In association with other sulfur bacteria, e.g. Thiothrix, they can form biofilms that are visible to the naked eye as mats of long white filaments; the white color is due to sulfur globules stored inside the cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gammaproteobacteria</span> Class of bacteria

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of bacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. It contains about 250 genera, which makes it the most genus-rich taxon of the Prokaryotes. Several medically, ecologically, and scientifically important groups of bacteria belong to this class. All members of this class are Gram-negative. It is the most phylogenetically and physiologically diverse class of the Pseudomonadota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phototrophic biofilm</span> Microbial communities including microorganisms which use light as their energy source

Phototrophic biofilms are microbial communities generally comprising both phototrophic microorganisms, which use light as their energy source, and chemoheterotrophs. Thick laminated multilayered phototrophic biofilms are usually referred to as microbial mats or phototrophic mats. These organisms, which can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms like bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and microalgae, make up diverse microbial communities that are affixed in a mucous matrix, or film. These biofilms occur on contact surfaces in a range of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The formation of biofilms is a complex process and is dependent upon the availability of light as well as the relationships between the microorganisms. Biofilms serve a variety of roles in aquatic, terrestrial, and extreme environments; these roles include functions which are both beneficial and detrimental to the environment. In addition to these natural roles, phototrophic biofilms have also been adapted for applications such as crop production and protection, bioremediation, and wastewater treatment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microbial mat</span> Multi-layered sheet of microorganisms

A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea, or bacteria alone. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces, but a few survive in deserts. A few are found as endosymbionts of animals.

The Sippewissett microbial mat is a microbial mat in the Sippewissett Salt Marsh located along the lower eastern Buzzards Bay shoreline of Cape Cod, about 5 miles north of Woods Hole and 1 mile southwest of West Falmouth, Massachusetts, in the United States. The marsh has two regions, the Great Sippewisset Marsh to the north and Little Sippewisset Marsh to the south, separated from each other by a narrow tongue of land. The marsh extends into an estuary in which the intertidal zone provides a dynamic environment that supports a diverse ecology, including threatened and endangered species such as the roseate tern. The ecology of the salt marsh is based in and supported by the microbial mats which cover the ground of the marsh.

Rhodovulum sulfidophilum is a gram-negative purple nonsulfur bacteria. The cells are rod-shaped, and range in size from 0.6 to 0.9 μm wide and 0.9 to 2.0 μm long, and have a polar flagella. These cells reproduce asexually by binary fission. This bacterium can grow anaerobically when light is present, or aerobically (chemoheterotrophic) under dark conditions. It contains the photosynthetic pigments bacteriochlorophyll a and of carotenoids.

Roseiflexus castenholzii is a heterotrophic, thermophilic, filamentous anoxygenetic phototroph (FAP) bacterium. This species is in one of two genera of FAPs that lack chlorosomes. R. castenholzii was first isolated from red-colored bacterial mats located Nakabusa hot springs in Japan. Because this organism is a phototroph, it utilizes photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide and build biomolecules. R. castenholzii has three photosynthetic complexes: light-harvesting only, reaction center only, and light-harvesting with reaction center.

Rhodoferax is a genus of Betaproteobacteria belonging to the purple nonsulfur bacteria. Originally, Rhodoferax species were included in the genus Rhodocyclus as the Rhodocyclus gelatinous-like group. The genus Rhodoferax was first proposed in 1991 to accommodate the taxonomic and phylogenetic discrepancies arising from its inclusion in the genus Rhodocyclus. Rhodoferax currently comprises four described species: R. fermentans, R. antarcticus, R. ferrireducens, and R. saidenbachensis. R. ferrireducens, lacks the typical phototrophic character common to two other Rhodoferax species. This difference has led researchers to propose the creation of a new genus, Albidoferax, to accommodate this divergent species. The genus name was later corrected to Albidiferax. Based on geno- and phenotypical characteristics, A. ferrireducens was reclassified in the genus Rhodoferax in 2014. R. saidenbachensis, a second non-phototrophic species of the genus Rhodoferax was described by Kaden et al. in 2014.

Thiorhodovibrio winogradskyi is a purple sulfur bacteria, the type species of its genus. Its cells are vibrioid-to spirilloid-shaped and motile by means of single polar flagella. It is moderately halophilic, with type strain SSP1.

Halorhodospira halophila is a species of Halorhodospira distinguished by its ability to grow optimally in an environment of 15–20% salinity. It was formerly called Ectothiorhodospira halophila. It is an anaerobic, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. H. halophila has a flagellum.

Dinoroseobacter shibae is a facultative anaerobic anoxygenic photoheterotroph belonging to the family, Rhodobacteraceae. First isolated from washed cultivated dinoflagellates, they have been reported to have mutualistic as well as pathogenic symbioses with dinoflagellates.

Thioflavicoccus is a Gram-negative, obligately phototrophic, strictly anaerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Chromatiaceae with one known species.

Rhodoplanes azumiensis is a thermotolerant bacterium isolated from sediment mud and cyanobacterial mats located in Nakanoyu hot springs, located in the Azumi district, Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. R. azumiensis is a photoheterotroph that is capable of using many organic materials as its carbon source. Colonies and liquid cultures exhibit a brownish red color when grown phototrophically, and are colorless when grown aerobically in darkness.

Thiodictyon is a genus of gram-negative bacterium classified within purple sulfur bacteria (PSB).

Jeotgalibaca is a genus of bacteria from the family of Carnobacteriaceae.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 "Halorhodospira neutriphila". www.uniprot.org.
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  4. Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (19 January 2017). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the species". NamesforLife, LLC. doi:10.1601/tx.2175 (inactive 2024-04-17).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  5. "Details: DSM-15116". www.dsmz.de.
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