Hard disk drive platter

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Hard disk with platter Apertura hard disk 04.jpg
Hard disk with platter
Inside view of a hard disk Innansicht Festplatte 512 MB von Quantum.jpg
Inside view of a hard disk
Hard disk drive platter, 2.5" Samsung MP0402H Hard disk drive platter, Samsung MP0402H.jpg
Hard disk drive platter, 2.5" Samsung MP0402H

A hard disk drive platter or hard disk is the circular magnetic disk on which digital data is stored in a hard disk drive. [1] The rigid nature of the platters is what gives them their name (as opposed to the flexible materials which are used to make floppy disks). Hard drives typically have several platters which are mounted on the same spindle. A platter can store information on both sides, typically requiring two recording heads per platter, one per surface.

Contents

Design

The magnetic surface of each platter is divided into small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to represent a single binary unit of information. A typical magnetic region on a hard-disk platter (as of 2006) is about 200–250 nanometers wide (in the radial direction of the platter) and extends about 25–30 nanometers in the down-track direction (the circumferential direction on the platter),[ citation needed ] corresponding to about 100 billion bits per square inch of disk area (15.5  Gbit/cm2). The material of the main magnetic medium layer is usually a cobalt-based alloy. In today's hard drives each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains, which are the base material that gets magnetized. As a whole, each magnetic region will have a magnetization.

One reason magnetic grains are used as opposed to a continuous magnetic medium is that they reduce the space needed for a magnetic region. In continuous magnetic materials, formations called Néel spikes tend to appear. These are spikes of opposite magnetization, and form for the same reason that bar magnets will tend to align themselves in opposite directions. These cause problems because the spikes cancel each other's magnetic field out, so that at region boundaries, the transition from one magnetization to the other will happen over the length of the Néel spikes. This is called the transition width.

Many hard drive platters have a layer of lubricant made of amorphous carbon such as diamond-like carbon, called an overcoat, which is deposited onto the disk using sputtering, or using chemical vapor deposition. [2] Silicon Nitride, PFPE [3] [4] and hydrogenated carbon have also been used as overcoats. [5] [6] [7] Alternatively PFPE can be used as a lubricant on top of the overcoat. [8]

Comparison of the transition width caused by Neel Spikes in continuous media and granular media, at a boundary between two magnetic regions of opposite magnetization TransitionNeel.png
Comparison of the transition width caused by Néel Spikes in continuous media and granular media, at a boundary between two magnetic regions of opposite magnetization

Granular media is oriented based on whether longitudinal or perpendicular magnetic recording is used. [9] Ordered granular media can allow for higher storage densities than conventional granular media, and bit patterned media can succeed ordered granular media in storage density. [10]

Grains help solve this problem because each grain is in theory a single magnetic domain (though not always in practice). This means that the magnetic domains cannot grow or shrink to form spikes, and therefore the transition width will be on the order of the diameter of the grains. Thus, much of the development in hard drives has been in reduction of grain size. [11] [12]

Manufacture

Destroyed hard disk, glass platter visible Toshiba MK1403MAV - broken glass platter-93375.jpg
Destroyed hard disk, glass platter visible

Platters are typically made using an aluminium, glass or ceramic substrate. [13] Laptop hard drive platters are made from glass while aluminum platters are often found in desktop computers. [14] [15] In disk manufacturing, a thin coating is deposited on both sides of the substrate, mostly by a vacuum deposition process called magnetron sputtering. The coating has a complex layered structure consisting of various metallic (mostly non-magnetic) alloys as underlayers, optimized for the control of the crystallographic orientation and the grain size of the actual magnetic media layer on top of them, i.e. the film storing the bits of information. On top of it a protective carbon-based overcoat is deposited in the same sputtering process. Platters typically contain several layers of materials such as a seed layer, soft magnetic under layers (SULs) that may contain Cobalt and Iron [16] [17] made of materials such as , an antiferromagnetic (A-FM) layer made of Nickel oxide, Nickel-Manganese or Iron-Manganese alloy, [18] intermediate layer made of Ruthenium [18] and a layer of Cobalt-Chromium-Palladium alloy with oxide. [8] In post-processing a nanometer thin polymeric lubricant layer gets deposited on top of the sputtered structure by dipping the disk into a solvent solution, after which the disk is buffed by various processes [ clarification needed ] to eliminate small defects and verified by a special sensor on a flying head for absence of any remaining asperities or other defects (where the size of the bit given above roughly sets the scale for what constitutes a significant defect size). In the hard-disk drive the hard-drive heads fly and move radially over the surface of the spinning platters to read or write the data. Extreme smoothness, durability, and perfection of finish are required properties of a hard-disk platter.

In February 1991, Areal Technology released the MD-2060, the first hard drive to use a glass substrate, replacing the aluminium alloys used in earlier hard drives. It was originally designed for laptops, for which the greater shock resistance of glass substrates are more suitable. [19] [20] [21] Toshiba followed suit with the MK1122FC in April 1991; their factories were able to produce many more drives than Areal, which soon disappeared from the market. [19] [22] Around 2000, other hard drive manufacturers started transitioning from aluminum to glass platters because glass platters have several advantages over aluminum platters. [23] [24] [25]

In 2005–06, a major shift in technology of hard-disk drives and of magnetic disks/media began. Originally, in-plane magnetized materials were used to store the bits, but this has now been replaced by perpendicular recording. The reason for this transition is the need to continue the trend of increasing storage densities, with perpendicularly oriented media offering a more stable solution for a decreasing bit size. Orienting the magnetization perpendicular to the disk surface has major implications for the disk's deposited structure and the choice of magnetic materials, as well as for some of the other components of the hard-disk drive (such as the head and the electronic channel).

See also

Related Research Articles

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A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored and retrieved in any order. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data when powered off. Modern HDDs are typically in the form of a small rectangular box.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Head crash</span> Read-write head of a hard disk making contact with the platter

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In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory but faster and more expensive than tape drives.

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Patterned media is a potential future hard disk drive technology to record data in magnetic islands, as opposed to current hard disk drive technology where each bit is stored in 20–30 magnetic grains within a continuous magnetic film. The islands would be patterned from a precursor magnetic film using nanolithography. It is one of the proposed technologies to succeed perpendicular recording due to the greater storage densities it would enable. BPM was introduced by Toshiba in 2010.

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Exchange spring media is a magnetic storage technology for hard disk drives that allows to increase the storage density in magnetic recording. The idea, proposed in 2004 by Suess et al., is that the recording media consists of exchange coupled soft and hard magnetic layers. Exchange spring media allows a good writability due to the write-assist nature of the soft layer. Hence, hard magnetic layers such as FePt, CoCrPt-alloys or hard magnetic multilayer structures can be written with conventional write heads. Due to the high anisotropy these grains are thermally stable even for small grain sizes. Small grain sizes are required for high density recording. The introduction of the soft layer does not decrease the thermal stability of the entire structure if the hard layer is sufficiently thick. The required thickness of the hard layer for best thermal stability is the exchange length of the hard layer material. The first experimental realization of exchange spring media was done on Co-PdSiO multilayers as the hard layer which was coupled via a PdSi interlayer to a FeSiO soft layer.

Paul André Albert was an American metallurgist. In the 1970s and 1980s, he helped to develop the class of doped cobalt-chrome alloys still in use in the manufacture of computer hard disks.

References

  1. ↑ "What is a Platter? - Definition from Techopedia". 2023.
  2. ↑ Yamamoto, T.; Hyodo, H. (2003). "Amorphous carbon overcoat for thin-film disk". Tribology International. 36 (4–6): 483–487. doi:10.1016/S0301-679X(02)00240-2.
  3. ↑ https://escholarship.org/content/qt24w0q2v0/qt24w0q2v0.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  4. ↑ https://www.fujitsu.com/global/documents/about/resources/publications/fstj/archives/vol42-1/paper13.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  5. ↑ Kovac, Z.; Novotny, V.J. (1991). "Silicon nitride overcoats for thin film magnetic recording media". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 27 (6): 5070–5072. Bibcode:1991ITM....27.5070K. doi:10.1109/20.278743.
  6. ↑ "Protecting Future Hard Drives".
  7. ↑ https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article-abstract/93/10/8704/530804/Coverage-and-properties-of-a-SiNx-hard-disk [ bare URL ]
  8. 1 2 Dwivedi, N.; Ott, A. K.; Sasikumar, K.; Dou, C.; Yeo, R. J.; Narayanan, B.; Sassi, U.; Fazio, D. De; Soavi, G.; Dutta, T.; Balci, O.; Shinde, S.; Zhang, J.; Katiyar, A. K.; Keatley, P. S.; Srivastava, A. K.; Sankaranarayanan, S. K. R. S.; Ferrari, A. C.; Bhatia, C. S. (2021). "Graphene overcoats for ultra-high storage density magnetic media". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2854. arXiv: 1906.00338 . Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2854D. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22687-y. PMC   8129078 . PMID   34001870.
  9. ↑ Handbook of Magnetic Materials. Elsevier. 2012. ISBN   978-0-444-56371-2.
  10. ↑ "Seagate's Roadmap: The Path to 120 TB Hard Drives".
  11. ↑ Particulate and Granular Magnetism: Nanoparticles and Thin Films. Oxford University Press. 20 February 2024. ISBN   978-0-19-287311-8.
  12. ↑ Developments in Data Storage: Materials Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. 8 November 2011. ISBN   978-0-470-50100-9.
  13. ↑ High Performance Computing: Modern Systems and Practices. Morgan Kaufmann. 5 December 2017. ISBN   978-0-12-420215-3.
  14. ↑ Corinne Iozzio. "How to Destroy a Hard Drive—Permanently". 2015.
  15. ↑ Darren Waters . "Testing the limits of hard disk recovery". 2007.
  16. ↑ "Soft magnetic underlayer having high temperature robustness for high areal density perpendicular recording media".
  17. ↑ "Soft magnetic underlayer (SUL) for perpendicular recording medium".
  18. 1 2 Developments in Data Storage: Materials Perspective. John Wiley & Sons. 11 October 2011. ISBN   978-1-118-09682-6.
  19. 1 2 "New products, new energy in the storage industry". Electronics. 64 (9). Endeavor Business Media: 65 et seq. September 1991 – via Gale.
  20. ↑ Brownstein, Mark (November 26, 1990). "Small Hard Disk Drive for Notebooks Uses Only One Platter, Two Heads". InfoWorld. 12 (48). IDG Publications: 21 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Blankenhorn, Dana (February 27, 1991). "New for PC: Disctec 60MB laptop drives". Newsbytes. The Washington Post Company – via Gale.
  22. ↑ Scanlan, Jim (December 13, 1990). "Drive heights hover around 1 inch; reports also emerge of 1.78-in.-wide prototypes". EDN. 35 (25A). UBM Canon: 3 et seq– via Gale.
  23. ↑ Charles M. Kozierok. "The PC Guide". Section "Platter Substrate Materials".
  24. ↑ Mark Brownstein. "Glass Becoming Viable for Hard Drives". p. 28. InfoWorld. 1989 March 13.
  25. ↑ Scott Mueller. "PC Hardware Library Volume I: Hard Drives". Section "Hard Disk Platters (Disks)". 1998.
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