Related Research Articles
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics,a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA. The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes,other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences,and often a substantial fraction of 'junk' DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome.
Carl Richard Woese was an American microbiologist and biophysicist. Woese is famous for defining the Archaea in 1977 through a pioneering phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA,a technique that has revolutionized microbiology. He also originated the RNA world hypothesis in 1967,although not by that name. Woese held the Stanley O. Ikenberry Chair and was professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure,function,evolution,mapping,and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA,including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical,three-dimensional structural configuration. In contrast to genetics,which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance,genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes,their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. In turn,proteins make up body structures such as organs and tissues as well as control chemical reactions and carry signals between cells. Genomics also involves the sequencing and analysis of genomes through uses of high throughput DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to assemble and analyze the function and structure of entire genomes. Advances in genomics have triggered a revolution in discovery-based research and systems biology to facilitate understanding of even the most complex biological systems such as the brain.
Medicago truncatula,the barrelclover,strong-spined medick,barrel medic,or barrel medick,is a small annual legume native to the Mediterranean region that is used in genomic research. It is a low-growing,clover-like plant 10–60 centimetres (3.9–23.6 in) tall with trifoliate leaves. Each leaflet is rounded,1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long,often with a dark spot in the center. The flowers are yellow,produced singly or in a small inflorescence of two to five together;the fruit is a small,spiny pod.
David Botstein is an American biologist serving as the chief scientific officer of Calico. He served as the director of the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics at Princeton University from 2003 to 2013,where he remains an Anthony B. Evnin Professor of Genomics.
David Haussler is an American bioinformatician known for his work leading the team that assembled the first human genome sequence in the race to complete the Human Genome Project and subsequently for comparative genome analysis that deepens understanding the molecular function and evolution of the genome.
Gerald Mayer Rubin is an American biologist,notable for pioneering the use of transposable P elements in genetics,and for leading the public project to sequence the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Related to his genomics work,Rubin's lab is notable for development of genetic and genomics tools and studies of signal transduction and gene regulation. Rubin also serves as a vice president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and executive director of the Janelia Research Campus.
Scientists trying to reconstruct evolutionary history have been challenged by the fact that genes can sometimes transfer between distant branches on the tree of life. This movement of genes can occur through horizontal gene transfer (HGT),scrambling the information on which biologists relied to reconstruct the phylogeny of organisms. Conversely,HGT can also help scientists to reconstruct and date the tree of life. Indeed,a gene transfer can be used as a phylogenetic marker,or as the proof of contemporaneity of the donor and recipient organisms,and as a trace of extinct biodiversity.
Gene Ezia Robinson is an American entomologist,Director of the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology and National Academy of Sciences member. He pioneered the application of genomics to the study of social behavior and led the effort to sequence the honey bee genome. On February 10,2009,his research was famously featured in an episode of The Colbert Report whose eponymous host referred to the honey Dr. Robinson sent him as "pharmaceutical-grade hive jive".
Evolution of cells refers to the evolutionary origin and subsequent evolutionary development of cells. Cells first emerged at least 3.8 billion years ago approximately 750 million years after Earth was formed.
The Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) is an initiative founded by Janet Jansson,Jack Gilbert and Rob Knight in 2010 to collect natural samples and to analyze the microbial community around the globe.
The eocyte hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposes the origin of eukaryotes from a group of prokaryotes called eocytes. After his team at the University of California,Los Angeles discovered eocytes in 1984,James A. Lake formulated the hypothesis as "eocyte tree" that proposed eukaryotes as part of archaea. Lake hypothesised the tree of life as having only two primary branches:Parkaryoates that include Bacteria and Archaea,and karyotes that comprise Eukaryotes and eocytes. Parts of this early hypothesis were revived in a newer two-domain system of biological classification which named the primary domains as Archaea and Bacteria.
Microbial phylogenetics is the study of the manner in which various groups of microorganisms are genetically related. This helps to trace their evolution. To study these relationships biologists rely on comparative genomics,as physiology and comparative anatomy are not possible methods.
The Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB) is an interdisciplinary facility for genomics research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Institute was built in 2006 to centralize biotechnology research at the University of Illinois. Current research at the IGB explores the genomic bases of a wide range of phenomena,including the progression of cancer,the ecological impact of global change,tissue and organ growth,and the diversity of animal behavior.
The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an initiative that aims to sequence and catalog the genomes of all of Earth's currently described eukaryotic species over a period of ten years. The initiative would produce an open DNA database of biological information that provides a platform for scientific research and supports environmental and conservation initiatives. A scientific paper presenting the vision for the project was published in PNAS in April 2018,and the project officially launched November 1,2018.
Nikos Kyrpides is a Greek-American bioscientist who has worked on the origins of life,information processing,bioinformatics,microbiology,metagenomics and microbiome data science. He is a senior staff scientist at the Berkeley National Laboratory,head of the Prokaryote Super Program and leads the Microbiome Data Science program at the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute.
Jose V. Lopez is an American-Filipino molecular biologist. He has been faculty and professor of biology at Nova Southeastern University (NSU). in Dania Beach FL since 2007. Lopez co-founded the Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance (GIGA),a community of scientists. He has also participated in the Porifera Tree of Life,Earth Microbiome and Earth BioGenome Projects.
Elizabeth Anna Ainsworth is an American molecular biologist currently employed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS). She also is an Adjunct Professor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC),a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and was awarded the 2018 Crop Science Society of America Presidential Award. She is known for her work concerning the effects of specific atmospheric pollutants,including ozone and carbon dioxide,on the productivity of selected major crops such as corn and soybeans.
Donald Richard Ort is an American botanist and biochemist. He is the Robert Emerson Professor of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he works on improving crop productivity and resilience to climate change by redesigning photosynthesis. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB).
The UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute is a public research institution based in the Jack Baskin School of Engineering at the University of California,Santa Cruz. The Genomics Institute's scientists and engineers work on a variety of projects related to genome sequencing,computational biology,large data analytics,and data sharing. The institute also maintains a number of software tools used by researchers worldwide,including the UCSC Genome Browser,Dockstore,and the Xena Browser.
References
- 1 2 3 Azar, Beth (20 December 2016). "Profile of Harris A. Lewin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (51): 14468–14470. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11314468A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618868114 . PMC 5187711 . PMID 27956630.
- ↑ "Harris Lewin named director of Post Genomic Institute" (Press release). University of Illinois. 2 May 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Harris Lewin Elected to National Academy of Sciences" (Press release). Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. 30 April 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Illinois professor awarded 2011 Wolf Prize in Agriculture" (Press release). University of Illinois. 15 February 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- 1 2 3 Lewin, Harris A.; Robinson, Gene E.; Kress, W. John; Baker, William J.; Coddington, Jonathan; Crandall, Keith A.; Durbin, Richard; Edwards, Scott V.; Forest, Félix; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Goldstein, Melissa M.; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Hackett, Kevin J.; Haussler, David; Jarvis, Erich D.; Johnson, Warren E.; Patrinos, Aristides; Richards, Stephen; Castilla-Rubio, Juan Carlos; van Sluys, Marie-Anne; Soltis, Pamela S.; Xu, Xun; Yang, Huanming; Zhang, Guojie (24 April 2018). "Earth BioGenome Project: Sequencing life for the future of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (17): 4325–4333. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.4325L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720115115 . PMC 5924910 . PMID 29686065.
- ↑ "Introduction". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 1. 2013. doi:10.1146/annurev-av-1-012513-100001.
- ↑ "Harris Lewin | College of Biological Sciences". biosci3.ucdavis.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-09-06.
- ↑ "Harris A. Lewin, Ph.D." www.igb.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-08-12.
- ↑ "Personnel, Laboratory of Mammalian Genome Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign". lewinlab.igb.uiuc.edu. Archived from the original on 2008-07-08.
- ↑ "History". Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology . Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ↑ "Research VC Lewin to Step Down". UC Davis. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
- ↑ Pennisi, Elizabeth (24 February 2017). "Biologists propose to sequence the DNA of all life on Earth". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aal0824.
- ↑ "How a Genetic Mutation From 1 Bull Caused the Loss of Half a Million Calves Worldwide" (Press release). UC Davis. 13 October 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ↑ Zhang, Sarah (31 October 2016). "The Dairy Industry Lost $420 Million From a Flaw in a Single Bull". The Atlantic.
- ↑ Main, Douglas (15 November 2016). "One bull's genes gave 14 percent of U.S. dairy cows a deadly mutation". Newsweek.
- ↑ "El ejemplar de toro que transformó la industria lechera mundial" [The bull that transformed the world dairy industry with 16,000 calves]. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 1 November 2016.
- ↑ "Cow Gene Study Shows Why Most Clones Fail". UC Davis. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
- ↑ Kim, Jaebum; Farré, Marta; Auvil, Loretta; Capitanu, Boris; Larkin, Denis M.; Ma, Jian; Lewin, Harris A. (3 July 2017). "Reconstruction and evolutionary history of eutherian chromosomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (27): E5379–E5388. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5379K. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1702012114 . PMC 5502614 . PMID 28630326.
- ↑ "Reconstruction of Ancient Chromosomes Offers Insight Into Mammalian Evolution". UC Davis. 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
- ↑ "Earth BioGenome Project to Sequence All Life". UC Davis. 23 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
- ↑ "New Partnership Aims to Sequence Genomes of All Life on Earth, Unlock Nature's Value, Tackle Bio-Piracy and Habitat Loss". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2018-09-06.