Health in Scotland

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The health of the Scottish population is, and has been for many years, worse than that of the English. Life expectancy is the lowest in the UK, at 77.1 for men and 81.1 for women, and one of the lowest in the OECD. The gap between Scotland and England has grown since 1980. Some of this is clearly attributable to economic disadvantage, but the differences in health status are more pronounced that would be expected on that basis. It has often been suggested that the Scottish diet is to blame. [1] This is particularly so in Glasgow and the Glasgow effect has been the subject of some academic study.

Contents

Legislation

Following Scottish devolution 1999, responsibility for health and social care policy and funding became devolved to the Scottish Parliament.

A few aspects of Scottish health policy, such as surrogacy remain reserved powers of the UK government. [2]

Healthcare

Healthcare in Scotland is mainly provided by Scotland's public health service, NHS Scotland. It provides healthcare to all permanent residents free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation. Health is a matter that is devolved, and considerable differences have developed between the public healthcare systems in the different countries of the United Kingdom. [3] Though the public system dominates healthcare provision, private healthcare and a wide variety of alternative and complementary treatments are available for those willing to pay. [4]

Alcohol

High rates of alcohol related illnesses pose a major public health challenge for Scotland. NHS Scotland estimate that there were 3,705 deaths attributable to alcohol consumption in 2015, this equates to 6.5% or around 1 in 15 of the deaths for the whole of Scotland for that year. [5]

Alcohol misuse was estimated to cost the Scottish economy £3,560,000,000 per year in 2007. [6] Alcohol consumption in Scotland is approximately 20% higher than in England and Wales. [6]

Public Health Measures

Drink Driving Limit

In December 2014, the Scottish Government reduced the legal drink driving limit in an effort to reduce the number of alcohol-related deaths and serious injuries on Scottish roads. [7] The reduction in the legal limit of blood alcohol levels from 80 mg to 50 mg in 100ml of blood brought Scotland in to line with other European countries such as France, Germany, Italy and Spain. [7] However, within two years after the new law was introduced, the rates of road traffic accidents in Scotland have not decreased. One possible explanation is that the change in the limit may not have been enforced or publicised sufficiently to have the expected effect in reducing accidents. [8] [9] [10]

Minimum Unit Pricing

In 2012, the Scottish Government passed legislation to introduce a statutory minimum price per unit of alcohol to try and reduce alcohol consumption. [11] The legislation was subject to legal challenges by alcohol trade bodies including the Scotch Whisky Association but was ultimately upheld by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. [12] The Act came into effect on 1 May 2018 with an initial minimum price of 50p per unit. As of 2023, some politicians want to amend minimum pricing laws to increase to 80p per unit.

Drugs

The ratio of drug-related fatalities in Scotland has overtaken every other country in the UK, as well as the EU. Recent research [13] has shown Scotland has had a larger number of drug deaths than the United States, which was thought to be the highest in the world. In the US in 2017 the rate of drug deaths of 217 per million of the population is now slightly lower than Scotland's rate (218 deaths per million of population).

According to the Guardian newspaper, the increase in drug deaths in recent years are due to Benzodiazepines, Heroin and Ecstasy. [14]

In 2020 1,339 deaths related to drug misuse were registered in Scotland, a 5% increase on 2019, and the highest ever recorded. 63% were of people aged between 35 and 54, and men were 2.7 times as likely to have a drug-related death as women. People living in the most deprived areas were 18 times more likely to die from a drug-related condition than those in the least deprived areas. The Scottish Drug Deaths Taskforce reported that use of naloxone kits may have saved almost 1,400 lives in 2020. [15]

In 2021, 1,187 people died in Scotland as a direct result of a drug overdose. Nearly half of the drug deaths in Scotland were attributed to methadone. [16]

Obesity

The Health and Sport Committee has called for more action to tackle Scotland's "obesogenic environment".

Smoking

Scotland was the first country in the UK to enact a smoking ban in public places. The legislation was passed in the Scottish Executive in 2005 and came into force on 26 March 2006. The effect of the smoking ban has been found to be positive with an 18% drop in the rate of child asthma admissions per year and a 17% reduction in heart attack admissions to nine Scottish hospitals. [17] In 2015, 87% of Scottish adults were found to be in favour of the ban, with only 8% opposed. [17]

The tobacco control strategy has had a "positive impact". Scottish smoking rates fell from 31% in 2003 to 21% in 2015. There is a socio-economic gradient with 35% of people living in the most-deprived areas smoking compared to 10% in the most affluent areas. [18]

Mental health

There is some evidence that Scottish patients more often seek medical help with stress, anxiety and depression than English patients. [19] To help support this, Scotland has put in place a Mental Health Strategy. The strategy began in 2016 and will last for ten years. It aims to increase accessibility of mental healthcare towards children and adolescents, improve attitudes towards mental illness, and educate the community. The overall goal is to improve how people in Scotland live, grow, work, and age. [20] Scotland is also looking to trial a dedicated mental health ambulance service, following success of a similar scheme in Sweden. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alcoholism</span> Problematic excessive alcohol consumption

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite negative results. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016. The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852, but alcoholism and alcoholic are stigmatizing and discourage seeking treatment, so clinical diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence are used instead.

The health effects of long-term alcohol consumption on health vary depending on the amount of ethanol consumed. Even light drinking poses health risks, but small amounts of alcohol may also have health benefits. Chronic heavy drinking causes severe health consequences which outweigh any potential benefits.

A sin tax is an excise tax specifically levied on certain goods deemed harmful to society and individuals, such as alcohol, tobacco, drugs, candies, soft drinks, fast foods, coffee, sugar, gambling, and pornography. In contrast to Pigovian taxes, which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods, sin taxes are used to increase the price in an effort to lower demand, or failing that, to increase and find new sources of revenue. Increasing a sin tax is often more popular than increasing other taxes. However, these taxes have often been criticized for burdening the poor and disproportionately taxing the physically and mentally dependent.

Alcohol education is the practice of disseminating information about the effects of alcohol on health, as well as society and the family unit. It was introduced into the public schools by temperance organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the late 19th century. Initially, alcohol education focused on how the consumption of alcoholic beverages affected society, as well as the family unit. In the 1930s, this came to also incorporate education pertaining to alcohol's effects on health. For example, even light and moderate alcohol consumption increases cancer risk in individuals. Organizations such as the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in the United States were founded to promulgate alcohol education alongside those of the temperance movement, such as the American Council on Alcohol Problems.

Alcohol has a number of effects on health. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication and dehydration. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes in the metabolism of the liver and brain, several types of cancer and alcohol use disorder. Alcohol intoxication affects the brain, causing slurred speech, clumsiness, and delayed reflexes. Alcohol consumption can cause hypoglycemia in diabetics on certain medications, such as insulin or sulfonylurea, by blocking gluconeogenesis. There is an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder for teenagers while their brain is still developing. Adolescents who drink have a higher probability of injury including death.

Recommendations for consumption of the drug alcohol vary from recommendations to be alcohol-free to daily or weekly drinking "safe limits" or maximum intakes. Many governmental agencies and organizations have issued guidelines. These recommendations concerning maximum intake are distinct from any legal restrictions, for example countries with drunk driving laws or countries that have prohibited alcohol. These recommendations are (often) also distinct from the scientific evidence, such as the short-term effects of alcohol consumption and long-term effects of alcohol consumption.

Health in the United Kingdom refers to the overall health of the population of the United Kingdom. This includes overall trends such as life expectancy and mortality rates, mental health of the population and the suicide rate, smoking rates, alcohol consumption, prevalence of diseases within the population and obesity in the United Kingdom. Three of these – smoking rates, alcohol consumption and obesity – were above the OECD average in 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Finland</span> Overview of health in Finland

The major causes of deaths in Finland are cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, respiratory diseases, alcohol related diseases and accidental poisoning by alcohol. In 2010, the leading causes of death among men aged 15 to 64 were alcohol related deaths, ischaemic heart disease, accident, suicides, lung cancer and cerebrovascular diseases. Among women the leading causes were breast cancer, alcohol related deaths, accidents, suicides, ischaemic heart disease and lung cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Preventable causes of death</span> Causes of death that could have been avoided

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Hungary</span>

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References

  1. ↑ "Snacks, fags and booze: Scotland's triple health challenge". Holyrood. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "What powers does Scotland have?". 31 January 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  3. ↑ NHS now four different systems BBC 2 January 2008
  4. ↑ Steel D, Cylus J. United Kingdom (Scotland): Health system review. Health Systems in Transition, 2012; 14(9): 1–150.
  5. ↑ "Hospital admissions, deaths and overall burden of disease attributable to alcohol consumption in Scotland" (PDF). NHS Scotland. 2018.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. 1 2 Scotland, NHS Health. "Alcohol overview". www.healthscotland.scot. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Scotland lowers drink-drive limit". 5 December 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  8. ↑ Alderson, Reevel (13 December 2018). "New drink-drive laws fail to cut accidents" . Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  9. ↑ "A lower drink-drive limit in Scotland is not linked to reduced road traffic accidents as expected". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 10 September 2019. doi:10.3310/signal-000815. S2CID   241723380.
  10. ↑ Lewsey, Jim; Haghpanahan, Houra; Mackay, Daniel; McIntosh, Emma; Pell, Jill; Jones, Andy (June 2019). "Impact of legislation to reduce the drink-drive limit on road traffic accidents and alcohol consumption in Scotland: a natural experiment study". Public Health Research. 7 (12): 1–46. doi: 10.3310/phr07120 . ISSN   2050-4381. PMID   31241879.
  11. ↑ Scottish Government, St Andrew's House (31 July 2012). "Minimum Unit Pricing". www2.gov.scot. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  12. ↑ "Supreme Court backs Scottish minimum alcohol pricing". BBC News Online . 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  13. ↑ Mallion (30 July 2019). "Scotland Has Highest Drug Death Rate In Europe". www.stepbysteprecovery.co.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  14. ↑ correspondent, Libby Brooks Scotland (16 July 2019). "Scotland records huge rise in drug-related deaths". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  15. ↑ "Scotland logs highest number of drug-related deaths on record in 2020". Pharmaceutical Journal. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  16. ↑ McLean (3 November 2019). "Methadone responsible for nearly half of Scotland's drug deaths". www.rehabguide.co.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  17. 1 2 AshScotland (10 March 2016). "Time to look back, now the smoke has cleared" (PDF).{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "Scottish anti-smoking strategy shows 'positive impact'". BBC News. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  19. ↑ "Depression levels high in Scotland". BBC News. 31 July 2001. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  20. ↑ "Mental health and wellbeing". NHS Health Scotland. 17 August 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  21. ↑ "Scotland may copy Sweden's psychiatric paramedics project". 28 June 2019.
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