Type | Programmable scientific |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Hewlett-Packard |
Introduced | 1982 |
Discontinued | 1984 |
Cost | 80 $USD |
Calculator | |
Entry mode | RPN |
Display type | LCD seven-segment display |
Display size | 10 digits |
CPU | |
Processor | HP Nut core (1LF5 [1] ) |
Programming | |
Programming language(s) | Keystroke programmable (fully merged) |
Memory register | 0…9 registers (R0…R9) plus X, Y, Z, T, LAST X [2] |
Program steps | 9…79 lines [2] |
Other | |
Power consumption | 0.25 mW |
Type | Programmable scientific |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Hewlett-Packard |
Introduced | 1981 |
Discontinued | 1989 |
Cost | USD 135 |
Calculator | |
Entry mode | RPN |
Display type | LCD seven-segment display |
Display size | 10 digits |
CPU | |
Processor | HP Nut core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9 [1] ) |
Programming | |
Programming language(s) | Keystroke programmable (fully merged) |
Memory register | 0…20 registers (R0…R9, R.0…R.9) plus RI, X, Y, Z, T, LAST X [3] |
Program steps | 63…203 lines [3] |
Other | |
Power consumption | 0.25 mW |
The Hewlett-Packard Voyager series of calculators were introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1981. [4] All members of this series are programmable, use Reverse Polish Notation, and feature continuous memory. Nearly identical in appearance, each model provided different capabilities and was aimed at different user markets.
The HP calculators Voyager series consisted of five models, some of which were manufactured in several variants (with years of production):
The HP-10C is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable calculator. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to the better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today.
The HP-11C is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator.
The HP-12C is a popular financial calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch, [1] added several new functions, and introduced it as the HP 12c Platinum in 2003 as well as the HP 12c Prestige. Over the course of years, several anniversary editions of the calculator were produced as well.
The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981. [4]
The HP-15C is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long being discontinued its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer a HP 15c Limited Edition remake of the calculator in 2011 and a HP 15C Collector's Edition in 2023.
The HP-16C is a computer programmer's calculator, designed to assist in debugging. It can display numbers in hexadecimal, decimal, octal and binary, and convert numbers from one base to another. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and bitwise logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but has incorporated the 16C's functions in later calculator models.
Hewlett-Packard retained the numerical analyst William Kahan of UC Berkeley, the architect of the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators. [5] [6] He also wrote parts of the manuals.
The HP Voyager series calculator are keystroke programmable, meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems of interest to the user. These keystroke programs, in addition to performing any operation normally available on the keyboard, can also make use of conditional and unconditional branching and looping instructions, allowing programs to perform repetitive operations and make decisions.
The available programming features differentiate between the various HP Voyager series calculator systems.
Function | HP-10C | HP-11C | HP-12C | HP-15C | HP-16C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BSP / ← [F 1] | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
LBL [F 2] | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
GSB/RTN [F 3] | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
x≤y, x=0 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
x=y, x≠y | No | Yes | No | Yes [F 4] | Yes |
x<0, x≠0, x>y, x>0 | No | Yes | No | Yes [F 4] | Yes |
x<y, x≤0, x≥y, x≥0 | No | No | No | Yes [F 4] | No |
DSE, ISG [F 5] | No | Yes | No | Yes | No |
DSZ, ISZ [F 5] | No | No | No | No [F 6] | Yes |
SF, CF, F? | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
I (I) [F 7] | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
The HP-12C and its derivatives remains in widespread use today and is still available from Hewlett-Packard. The long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released in a "Limited Edition" in 2011 that has again been discontinued. A Collector's Edition was released in 2023.
Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android [7] and iOS [8] devices.
There are many calculators simulating software, imitating various HP calculators, including Voyager series devices. [9] The WRPN Calculator, a public domain open-source HP-16C simulator, is one of the oldest yet active software project of the such type. [10] [11]
In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros (originally called RPN-Calc) to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on a modern calculator hardware. The series consisted of the DM10,DM11, DM12 , DM15 and DM16 . [12] All calculators used the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger DM15L , DM41L and DM16L in 2015, the DM11L was added in January 2016 with the DM12L following in February. A limited production run for a DM10L was planned for 2019. [13] [14]
Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as reverse Łukasiewicz notation, Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to prefix or Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands. The notation does not need any parentheses for as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands.
William "Velvel" Morton Kahan is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist, who received the Turing Award in 1989 for "his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis", was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.
The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003. The series includes the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, and HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM and ROM cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.
The HP 49/50 series are Hewlett-Packard (HP) manufactured graphing calculators. They are the successors of the HP 48 series.
The HP 33s (F2216A) was a scientific calculator marketed by Hewlett-Packard. It was introduced in 2003 as the successor to the HP 32SII, and discontinued on the introduction of its successor the HP 35s in 2007.
The HP-41C series are programmable, expandable, continuous memory handheld RPN calculators made by Hewlett-Packard from 1979 to 1990. The original model, HP-41C, was the first of its kind to offer alphanumeric display capabilities. Later came the HP-41CV and HP-41CX, offering more memory and functionality.
The HP-42S RPN Scientific is a programmable RPN Scientific hand held calculator introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1988.It is a popular calculator designed for science and engineering students.
The HP-12C is a financial calculator made by Hewlett-Packard (HP) and its successor HP Inc. as part of the HP Voyager series, introduced in 1981. It is HP's longest and best-selling product and is considered the de facto standard among financial professionals. There have been multiple revisions over the years, with newer revisions moving to an ARM processor running a software emulator of the original Nut processor. Critics claim that its 1980s technology is antiquated, but proponents point out that it is still the de facto and de jure standard in finance.
HP calculators are various calculators manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard company over the years.
Programmable calculators are calculators that can automatically carry out a sequence of operations under control of a stored program. Most are Turing complete, and, as such, are theoretically general-purpose computers. However, their user interfaces and programming environments are specifically tailored to make performing small-scale numerical computations convenient, rather than general-purpose use.
The HP-25 was a hand-held programmable scientific/engineering calculator made by Hewlett-Packard between early January 1975 and 1978. The HP-25 was introduced as a cheaper alternative to the ground-breaking HP-65.
The HP-15C is a high-end scientific programmable calculator of Hewlett-Packard's Voyager series produced between 1982 and 1989.
The HP-16C Computer Scientist is a programmable pocket calculator that was produced by Hewlett-Packard between 1982 and 1989. It was specifically designed for use by computer programmers, to assist in debugging. It is a member of the HP Voyager series of programmable calculators. It was the only programmer's calculator ever produced by HP, though many later HP calculators have incorporated most of the 16C's functions.
The HP-28C and HP-28S were two graphing calculators produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1986 to 1992. The HP-28C was the first handheld calculator capable of solving equations symbolically. They were replaced by the HP 48 series of calculators, which grew from the menu-driven RPL programming language interface first introduced in these HP-28 series.
The term continuous memory was coined by Hewlett-Packard (HP) to describe a unique feature of certain HP calculators whereby the calculator could internally sustain most, or in later models - all, of the contents of user memory. Since its introduction on the HP-25C, this feature slowly evolved by model to eventually mean maintaining the contents of nearly all calculator memory, including system and scratch RAM, options, settings, flags, and other calculator state information.
The HP-34C continuous memory calculator is an advanced scientific programmable calculator of the HP 30 series. It was produced between 1979 and 1983.
HP-10 or variant, may refer to:
In computing FOCAL character set refers to a group of 8-bit single byte character sets introduced by Hewlett-Packard since 1979. It was used in several RPN calculators supporting the FOCAL programming language, like the HP-41C/CV/CX as well as the later HP-42S, which was introduced in 1988 and produced up to 1995. As such, it is also used by SwissMicros' DM41/L, both introduced in 2015, and is implicitly supported by the DM42, introduced in 2017.
The HP-30 or Spice series are RPN Scientific hand-held calculators introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1978. Some models are programmable.
WRPN is an open-source scientific software calculator, simulating the Hewlett-Packard Voyager series' HP-16C "Computer Scientist" programmable calculator.