History of the minimum wage

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The history of minimum wage is about the attempts and measures governments have made to introduce a standard amount of periodic pay below which employers could not compensate their workers.

Contents

New Zealand

New Zealand enacted the first national minimum wage laws in 1894 by the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act , which, unlike the wages board of Victoria, established arbitration boards to enforce compulsory arbitration. [1]

Australia

In 1896, Victoria, Australia, amended the Factories and Shops Act to create a wages board. [1] The wages board did not set a universal minimum wage; rather it set basic wages for six industries that were considered to pay low wages. [2] First enacted as a four-year experiment, the wages board was renewed in 1900 and made permanent in 1904; by that time it covered 150 different industries. [3]

By 1902, other Australian states, such as New South Wales and Western Australia, had also formed wages boards. [1]

In 1907, the Harvester decision was handed down in Australia. It established a 'living wage' for a man, his wife, and three children to "live in frugal comfort".

On 14 December 2005, the Australian Fair Pay Commission was established under the Workplace Relations Amendment (WorkChoices) Act 2005. The responsibility of the commission includes the setting of the standard federal minimum wage, [4] replacing the role of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission that took submissions from a variety of sources to determine appropriate minimum wages.

The Australian Fair Pay Commission was replaced by Fair Work Australia in 2010. [5]

United Kingdom

The minimum wage was a major factor in British industrial relations from 1909 until the 1930s. [6]

After a study of the minimum wage laws in Australia and New Zealand the Liberal Party acted to set up a minimum wage in the most heavily sweated or underpaid industries, as part of a broad range of social reforms. Winston Churchill, president of the Board of Trade, introduced the Trade Boards Act in 1909. It created boards that set minimum wage criteria that were legally enforceable. The main provision was to set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of low wages, because of surplus of available workers, the presence of women workers, or the lack of skills. At first it applied to four industries: chain-making, ready-made dresses, paper-box making, and the machine-made lace and finishing trade. About 70 per cent of their 200,000 workers were women. [7]

Coal mining was added in 1912, after a major strike. In 1913, five additional wage boards were set up that covered hollow ware making, shirt making, sugar confectionery and food preserving, tin box making, and linen and cotton embroidery, along with a portion of the laundry industry. These extensions covered an additional 140,000 workers. Unions pushed for the 1918 Act to greatly extend the coverage of minimum wages. [8] In 1917, "Whitley councils" or Joint Industrial Councils were established in 41 industries with over 2 million employees to bring together unions and management to discuss not only wages and conditions but also a wide range of related issues such as jobs, security, benefits and technical education. [9]

Starting in 1909, Liberals, led especially by David Lloyd George, promoted the idea of a minimum wage for farm workers. Resistance of landowners was strong, but success was achieved by 1924. [10] According to Robin Gowers and Timothy J. Hatton, the impact In England and Wales was significant. They estimate that it raised wages for farm labourers by 15 per cent by 1929, and by more than 20 per cent in the 1930s. It reduced the employment of such labourers by 54,000 (6.5 per cent) in 1929 and 97,000 (13.3 per cent) in 1937. They say, "The minimum wage lifted out of poverty many families of farm labourers who remained employed, but it significantly lowered the incomes of farmers, particularly during the 1930s." [11]

By the 1920s, a new perspective was offered by reformers emphasising the usefulness of Family Allowance (later renamed "Child Benefit") targeted at low-income families to relieve poverty without distorting the labour market. [12] The trade unions and the Labour Party adopted this view. In 1945, family allowances were introduced; minimum wages faded from view. Talk resumed in the 1970s, with an agricultural minimum wage remaining, but in the 1980s the Thatcher administration made it clear it would not accept a national minimum wage. Finally, with the return of Labour, the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 set a minimum of £3.60 per hour, with lower rates for younger workers. It largely affected workers in high turnover service industries such as fast food restaurants, and members of ethnic minorities. [13]

United States

In 1912, the state of Massachusetts, United States, set minimum wages for women and children, and some states enacted similar protective laws. [14] Under the Massachusetts laws, there was "the power only to investigate conditions and recommend changes". [15]

It seems to me to be equally plain that no business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country.

—  President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1933, Statement on National Industrial Recovery Act. [16]

In the United States, statutory minimum wages were first introduced nationally in 1938 by president Franklin D. Roosevelt. [17] [18]

In addition to the federal minimum wage, nearly all states within the United States have their own minimum wage laws with the exception of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee. [19] Twenty-nine states have a minimum wage that is higher than the federal minimum wage. [20]

Latin America

In 1930, Getúlio Vargas established a minimum wage in Brazil with a new set of work laws


In the 1960s, minimum wage laws were introduced into Latin America as part of the Alliance for Progress; however these minimum wages were, and are, low. [21]

European Union developments

In the European Union, 21 member states currently have national minimum wages. [22] Many countries, such as Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Cyprus have (or had) no minimum wage laws, but rely on employer groups and trade unions to set minimum earnings through collective bargaining. [23]

In July 2014 Germany began [24] legislating to introduce a federally mandated minimum wage law, the Gesetz zur Regelung eines allgemeinen Mindestlohns (Mindestlohngesetz - MiLoG) (unofficial translation: "Act Regulating a General Minimum Wage (Minimum Wage Act)"), [25] which came into effect on 1 January 2015. [26] The minimum wage is set at €8.50 per hour. A French law passed in the National Assembly on 17 February 2015 and effective from the end of 2015 imposed statutory minimum wage regulations on foreign truck drivers plying international routes to and from France and undertaking cabotage in the country. [27]

The European Commission introduced an infringement procedure against France and Germany on 19 May 2015, arguing that the application of these laws in the transport sector had a disproportionately restrictive impact on the freedom to provide services and the free movement of goods, two of the principal freedoms on which the European Union is based. [28] On 16 June 2016 the Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the French authorities on this subject and issued a supplementary letter to the German authorities, initiating two months' notice of potential legal action. [29]

Switzerland

In May 2014, Switzerland was overwhelmingly defeated in a referendum concerning a proposal to set the minimum wage at 22 Swiss francs ($25), which would have given the country the world's highest minimum wage. [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sweatshop</span> Workplace that has socially unacceptable working conditions

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wage</span> Payment by an employer to an employee for labour

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australian labour law</span> Rights and duties of workers, unions and employers in Australia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Minimum Wage Act 1998</span> United Kingdom legislation

The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 creates a minimum wage across the United Kingdom. From 1 April 2024, the minimum wage is £11.44 for people aged 21 and over, £8.60 for 18- to 20-year-olds, and £6.40 for 16- to 17-year-olds and apprentices.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">WorkChoices</span> Australian industrial relations law

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<i>Harvester case</i> Australian labour law decision

Ex parte H.V. McKay, commonly referred to as the Harvester case, is a landmark Australian labour law decision of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. The case arose under the Excise Tariff Act 1906 which imposed an excise duty on goods manufactured in Australia, £6 in the case of a stripper harvester, however if a manufacturer paid "fair and reasonable" wages to its employees, it was excused from paying the excise duty. The Court therefore had to consider what was a "fair and reasonable" wage for the purpose of the act.

The Australian Fair Pay Commission was an Australian statutory body that existed from 2006 to 2009. It was created under the Howard government's "WorkChoices" industrial relations laws in 2006 to set the minimum pay for workers. Established to replace the wage-setting functions of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, the Commission set and adjusted a single adult minimum wage, non-adult minimum wages, minimum wages for award classification levels, and casual loadings. The Commission was abolished in December 2009 with the wage-setting function passing to the minimum wage panel of the Fair Work Commission.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minimum wage in the United States</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</span> United States wage law

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian labour law</span> Laws regulating labour in India

Indian labour law refers to law regulating labour in India. Traditionally, the Indian government at the federal and state levels has sought to ensure a high degree of protection for workers, but in practice, this differs due to the form of government and because labour is a subject in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution. The Minimum Wages Act 1948 requires companies to pay the minimum wage set by the government alongside limiting working weeks to 40 hours. Overtime is strongly discouraged with the premium on overtime being 100% of the total wage. The Payment of Wages Act 1936 mandates the payment of wages on time on the last working day of every month via bank transfer or postal service. The Factories Act 1948 and the Shops and Establishment Act 1960 mandate 15 working days of fully paid vacation leave and 7 casual leaves each year to each employee, with an additional 7 fully paid sick days. The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 gives female employees of every company the right to take 6 months' worth of fully paid maternity leave. It also provides for 6 weeks worth of paid leaves in case of miscarriage or medical termination of pregnancy. The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation and the Employees' State Insurance, governed by statutory acts provide workers with necessary social security for retirement benefits and medical and unemployment benefits respectively. Workers entitled to be covered under the Employees' State Insurance are also entitled to 90 days worth of paid medical leaves. A contract of employment can always provide for more rights than the statutory minimum set rights. The Indian parliament passed four labour codes in the 2019 and 2020 sessions. These four codes will consolidate 44 existing labour laws. They are: The Industrial Relations Code 2020, The Code on Social Security 2020, The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 and The Code on Wages 2019. Despite having one of the longest working hours, India has one of the lowest workforce productivity levels in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minimum Wages Act 1948</span> Act of Parliament about Indian labour law

The Minimum Wages Act 1948 is an act of parliament concerning Indian labour law that sets the minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled workers.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Charles Henry Verrill, Charles Henry Verrill (1915). Minimum-wage Legislation in the United States and Foreign Countries Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: Miscellaneous series. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 105.
  2. ↑ Starr, Gerald (1993). Minimum wage fixing : an international review of practices and problems (2nd impression (with corrections) ed.). Geneva: International Labour Office. p.  1. ISBN   9789221025115.
  3. ↑ Waltman, Jerold. "The Politics of the Minimum Wage." University of Illinois Press. 2000
  4. ↑ "fairpay.gov.au - About the Commission". Australian Fair Pay Commission. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  5. ↑ "Australian Labor Party : Federal Labor's New Independent Industrial Umpire: Fair Work Australia". Australian Labor Party. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
  6. ↑ J.L. Waltman (2008). Minimum Wage Policy in Great Britain and the United States. Algora Pub. pp. 63–92. ISBN   9780875866024.
  7. ↑ Sheila Blackburn, "Ideology and social policy: the origins of the Trade Boards Act." The Historical Journal 34#1 (1991): 43-64.
  8. ↑ Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, volume 2: Economic Maturity, 1860–1939 (2004) pp 311-21.
  9. ↑ Earl Joyce Miller (1924). Workmen's representation in industrial government. University of Illinois studies in the social sciences; v. 10, no. 3-4. pp. 414–28.
  10. ↑ Alun Howkins and Nicola Verdon. "The state and the farm worker: the evolution of the minimum wage in agriculture in England and Wales, 1909–24." Agricultural history review 57.2 (2009): 257-274.
  11. ↑ Robin Gowers and Timothy J. Hatton,, "The origins and early impact of the minimum wage in agriculture." Economic History Review 50#1 (1997): 82-103.
  12. ↑ John Macnicol, Movement for Family Allowances, 1918-45: A Study in Social Policy Development (1980).
  13. ↑ Pat Thane, Cassell's Companion to Twentieth Century Britain (2002) pp 267-68.
  14. ↑ Folbre, Nancy, Greed, Lust and Gender: A History of Economic Ideas (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009 ( ISBN   978-0-19-923842-2)), p. 276 & n. 37 (author prof. economics, Univ. of Mass. Amherst).
  15. ↑ "Both sides a debate: Minimum wage legislation". The Independent. 14 December 1914. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  16. ↑ Tritch, Teresa (7 March 2014). "F.D.R. Makes the Case for the Minimum Wage". New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  17. ↑ Sanjiv Sachdev (2003). "Raising the rate: An evaluation of the uprating mechanism for the minimum wage". Employee Relations.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ↑ "History of the National Minimum Wage". Employment Matters. United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry. 17 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2006.Note: Date enacted was 1 April 1999
  19. ↑ DOL WHD: Minimum Wage Laws in the States Archived 2007-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Minimum Wage Rates in the United States
  21. ↑ Bethell, Leslie (29 June 1990). The Cambridge History of Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-24518-4. p. 342.
  22. ↑ Eurostat (2006): Minimum Wages 2006 - Variations from 82 to 1503 euro gross per month (PDF) Archived 2007-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Labor Markets and Integrating National Economies, Brookings Institution Press (1994), p. 41
  24. ↑ "Minimum Wage Act in Germany with effect from 01-01-2015". Dr. Mayer & Kügler Rechtsanwälte PartG mbB - Arbeitsrecht. Lawyer Michael Kügler. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  25. ↑ Provided by Ute Reusch, juris GmbH Saarbrücken
  26. ↑ "Germany may become 22nd EU state with federal minimum wage". Germany News.Net. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  27. ↑ Lloyds Loading List, France imposes minimum wage on foreign truck drivers, published 18 February 2015, accessed 6 August 2016
  28. ↑ European Commission, Transport: Commission launches infringement case on the application of the German Minimum Wage law to the transport sector, published 19 May 2015, accessed 11 February 2016
  29. ↑ European Commission, Press Release: Transport: Commission takes legal action against the systematic application of the French and German minimum wage legislation to the transport sector, accessed 6 August 2016
  30. ↑ "Swiss voters reject world's highest minimum wage proposal". Switzerland News.Net. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
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