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Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is one of the four recognized syndromes of shellfish poisoning, which share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve mollusks. These shellfish are filter feeders and accumulate neurotoxins, chiefly saxitoxin, produced by microscopic algae, such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria. Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are the most numerous and widespread saxitoxin producers and are responsible for PSP blooms in subarctic, temperate, and tropical locations. The majority of toxic blooms have been caused by the morphospecies Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium tamarense, Gonyaulax catenella and Alexandrium fundyense, which together comprise the A. tamarense species complex. In Asia, PSP is mostly associated with the occurrence of the species Pyrodinium bahamense.
Alexandreion (Greek), or Alexandrium (Latin), called Sartaba in the Mishna and Talmud and Qarn Sartaba in Arabic, was an ancient hilltop fortress constructed by the Hasmoneans between Scythopolis and Jerusalem on a pointy barren hill towering over the Jordan Valley from the west. It was likely named after Hasmonean king Alexander Jannæus.
In taxonomy, Oceanicaulis is a genus of the Maricaulaceae.
Alexandrium tamarense is a species of dinoflagellates known to produce saxitoxin, a neurotoxin which causes the human illness clinically known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Multiple species of phytoplankton are known to produce saxitoxin, including at least 10 other species from the genus Alexandrium.
Elusimicrobium minutum is an ultramicrobacterium and first accepted member to be cultured of a major bacterial lineage previously known only as candidate phylum Termite Gut 1 (TG1), which has accordingly been renamed phylum Elusimicrobiota. It was isolated in the laboratory of Andreas Brune at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, from the scarab beetle. It is a mesophilic, obligately anaerobic ultramicrobacterium with a gram-negative cell envelope. Cells are typically rod shaped, but cultures are pleomorphic in all growth phases. The isolate grows heterotrophically on sugars and ferments D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and alanine as major products but only if amino acids are present in the medium
Eugenin is a chromone derivative, a phenolic compound found in cloves. It is also one of the compounds responsible for bitterness in carrots.
Alexandrium is a genus of dinoflagellates. It contains some of the dinoflagellate species most harmful to humans, because it produces toxic harmful algal blooms (HAB) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. There are about 30 species of Alexandrium that form a clade, defined primarily on morphological characters in their thecal plates.
Micromelum is a genus of eight species of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae.
Hoeflea halophila is a Gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacteria from the genus of Hoeflea which was isolated from marine sediment from the Sea of Japan.
Hoeflea marina is a Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria from the genus of Hoeflea which was isolated from marine environments in Germany. Agrobacterium ferrugineum was reclassified to Hoeflea marina.
Hoeflea phototrophica are aerobic marine bacteria from the genus of Hoeflea which was isolated from a culture of Prorocentrum lima.
Hoeflea siderophila is a neutrophilic iron-oxidizing, motile bacteria with a single polar flagellum, from the genus Hoeflea which was isolated from the Staraya Russa Resort in the Novgorod region in Russia.
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Roseitalea is a genus of bacteria from the family of Phyllobacteriaceae with one known species.
Roseitalea porphyridii is a Gram-negative and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus Roseitalea that has been isolated from the alga Porphyridium marinum in Korea.
Roseibium alexandrii is a bacterium from the genus of Roseibium, which has been isolated from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium lusitanicum in Germany.
Hypericum sechmenii, or Seçmen's St John's wort, is a rare species of flowering plant of the St John's wort family (Hypericaceae) that is found in the Eskişehir Province of central Turkey. It was first described in 2009 by Turkish botanists Atila Ocak and Onur Koyuncu, who named the species in honor of Özcan Seçmen, a fellow botanist. They assigned the species to the genus Hypericum, and Norman Robson later placed H. sechmenii into the section Adenosepalum.
Hypericum minutum is a species of flowering plant in the St John's wort family Hypericaceae. It is a small perennial herb that grows in tufts. It has slender and brittle stems, flowers in clusters of one to three, yellow petals with black and amber glands, few stamens, and a seed capsule with narrow grooves. H. minutum is closely related to H. huber-morathii and H. sechmenii and resembles a smaller form of the latter plant. The plant is endemic to Turkey, and is found among limestone rocks in a limited region of southwestern Anatolia. Originally excluded from a comprehensive monograph of Hypericum, the species' placement within the genus is unclear. It has been placed in both section Adenosepalum and section Origanifolium.
Aurantimicrobium is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Microbacteriaceae. Aurantimicrobium minutum has been isolated from water of a river in Japan.
Aurantimicrobium minutum is a Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Aurantimicrobium which has been isolated from river water from Japan.
References
- ↑ LSPN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ "Straininfo of Hoeflea alexandrii". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- 1 2 UniProt
- ↑ Palacios, L. (2006). "Hoeflea alexandrii sp. nov., isolated from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum AL1V". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (8): 1991–1995. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64238-0 . PMID 16902042.
- ↑ Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen