Huangfu Zhen | |
---|---|
皇甫真 | |
Minister of Works (司空) | |
In office 365 –367 | |
Monarch | Murong Wei |
Grand Commandant (太尉) | |
In office 365 –367 | |
Monarch | Murong Wei |
Commandant of the Chariots (奉車都尉) | |
In office 371 –? | |
Monarch | Fu Jian |
Personal details | |
Born | Unknown Chaona,Gansu |
Died | Unknown |
Relations | Huangfu Ji (brother) Huangfu Tian (brother) |
Courtesy name | Chuji (楚季) |
Huangfu Zhen (fl. 4th century), courtesy name Chuji, was a Chinese official of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. One of the few officials to serve four generations of Murong Hui's lineage, Zhen was an outlier of the group, as he was able to live long enough to see Yan's demise to Former Qin in 370. During the reign of Murong Wei, Zhen was a key ally to Murong Ke who warned him about Muyu Gen and aided him in defeating the rebel, Lü Hu. Zhen was also commended for being Yan's last few competent ministers during its final four years of existence as corruption under Murong Ping's regency led the state to its downfall.
Huangfu Zhen was from Chaona County in Anding Commandery (安定郡, present-day Zhenyuan, Gansu province). Ever since he was young, he was noted to be naturally gifted. In 313, his brother, Huangfu Ji (皇甫岌), received an invitation from the Jin dynasty vassal, Murong Hui, who wanted Ji to serve in his administration. Ji accepted it and brought along Zhen to meet with Murong Hui. Both were accepted into Hui's administration, with Zhen being one of Hui's officials who he trusted in handling confidential affairs. When Zhen turned 20, Murong Hui had him served as a Household-Attendant in his fief.
When Murong Huang succeeded as Duke of Liaodong in 333, Huangfu Zhen was made a Registrar. Although Huang had only taken his father's place, he immediately began imposing harsh and strict laws which unsettled many of his people who were used to Hui's more lenient governance. Huangfu Zhen bluntly advised Huang against his actions, but Huang ignored him. Months later, Huang's younger brother, Murong Ren, rebelled and easily took over Liaodong after many among the populace decided to surrender to him. Huang regretted not taking Huangfu Zhen's earlier warnings, so he had him appointed Attendant Officer With Separate Carriage of Pingzhou.
During the civil war between Huang and Ren, Huang's territory was plagued with internal problems which exhausted the people. Huangfu Zhen proposed to Huang that they reduce their taxes and grant them more rest from corvée labour. However, because his suggestions were not aligned with the state's policy, Murong Huang had him stripped of office. [1]
After defeating Murong Ren in 336, Huang declared himself the Prince of Yan the following year. He began giving out new positions to his officials including Huangfu Zhen, who he made rong qi chang shi (宂騎常侍). Zhen was able to win back Murong Huang's trust in 338 by distinguishing himself in Huang's victory over the Later Zhao general, Ma Qiu. Because of this, Zhen was appointed Commandant of the Chariots and acting Administrator of Liaodong and Yingqiu. In all his new roles, it was said that he governed well. [2]
Murong Huang became ill in 348 and died shortly after. Following the succession of his son, Murong Jun, Huangfu Zhen was called into the court to serve as Prefect of the Canons and Texts. In 350, Murong Jun held an invasion of the Central Plains. Serving as Prefect of the Directors of Writing, Huangfu Zhen was assigned to the rear, where he was tasked in handling state affairs while Jun and the others oversaw the offence.
Yan captured and executed the ruler of Ran Wei, Ran Min in 352. His heir, Ran Zhi, was in still in their capital, Ye and continued to resist. Murong Jun sent his uncle Murong Ping to capture Ye and later reinforced him with Huangfu Zhen, Yang Wu and Murong Jūn. Ye eventually fell and Ran Zhi was captured on 8 September 352, thus ending the short-lived state. In the aftermath of the siege, Huangfu Zhen did not plunder Ye's many treasures and funds. He instead focused on providing relief to the people within the city as well as gathering maps and records from the archives. [3]
On 3 January 353, prior to becoming Emperor, Murong Jun handed out imperial offices to his officials, including Huangfu Zhen who became Deputy Director of the Left of the Masters of Writing. The next day, Jun proclaimed himself Emperor of Yan and broke away from the Jin dynasty.
Murong Jun's son, Murong Wei ascended the throne in 360 after his father succumbed to his illness. Wei was still a child, so Murong Jun appointed four regents to him before his death, which included Jun's brother Murong Ke and the general Muyu Gen. Gen was an accomplished veteran of the state and was very jealous towards Murong Ke, who was given more power than him despite Gen serving a relatively longer time. He attempted to stir trouble by to persuading Ke into taking the throne. However, Ke refused to listen and instead reprimanded him. Ke later brought the matter to his brother, Murong Chui and Huangfu Zhen.
Zhen had always suspected Muyu Gen of attempting to grab more power for himself. [4] Now that this incident came to light, Zhen told Ke that he must do what was best for the state and get rid of Muyu Gen before he causes trouble in the future. Murong Ke originally refused to take his advice, believing it to be inappropriate for a regent to kill a co-regent. However, as Ke discovered the subjects of Muyu Gen's latest advices to Murong Wei, Murong Ke and Murong Ping immediately had him and his family arrested and executed. Murong Ke later apologized to Huangfu Zhen for not listening to him. [5]
In 361, Yan's Administrator of Henei, Lü Hu, rebelled against Yan and surrendered to Jin. Murong Ke proposed to the court that they get Lü Hu to surrender with an edict instead of subduing him through force. However, Huangfu Zhen disagreed, pointing out that Lü Hu have betrayed Yan three times already in the past nine years. Zhen argued that Lü Hu must be killed in order to show their strength. Murong Ke took his advice and brought Zhen to lead a joint campaign on Lü Hu with him.
Lü's base in Yewang (野王縣; present-day Qinyang, Henan) was besieged for months, and the situation for him gradually deteriorated. Huangfu Zhen's division was the weakest between his and Murong Ke's, so Zhen warned his subordinates to be wary as he suspected that Lü Hu would make a last resort attack on their army in order to flee. Just as Zhen predicted, Lü Hu gathered his best troops and concentrated them on Huangfu Zhen, but he was unable to break through the siege line. Murong Ke quickly linked up with Zhen and attacked Lü Hu. Lü's army was decimated, and Lü himself barely escaped to Xingyang. [6]
After returning from the campaign, Huangfu Zhen was awarded the offices of General Who Guards The West, Inspector of Bingzhou, and acting General of the Household Gentlemen Who Protects The Xiongnu. He was then recalled to the court to serve as Palace Attendant and Household Counsellor. In 365, he became Minister of Works and acting chief of the Palace Secretariat.
Murong Ke was widely feared throughout the land as a powerful general when he was alive, so when he died in 367, Yan's neighbours, Former Qin and Jin began plotting their next move against Yan. Qin's ruler, Fu Jian, sent the Xiongnu chieftain Cao Gu (曹轂) to visit Yan ostensibly to present tribute, but following Cao was Jian's agent, Guo Bian (郭辯) who he tasked in inspecting the situation in Yan. Zhen had an elder brother named Huangfu Tian (皇甫腆) and two nephews named Huangfu Fen (皇甫奮) and Huangfu Fu (皇甫覆). All three of them were serving Qin, so Guo Bian decided to use this fact against Huangfu Zhen to test him. He said to Zhen, "Though I am a native of Qin, the state had my family executed. That is why I place my trust in Lord Cao. Your elder brother and nephews are all close acquaintances of mine." Zhen reacted angrily towards his statements and accused him of malicious intent. Zhen asked Murong Ping to interrogate Guo, but Ping refused. When Guo returned to Fu Jian, he reported to him, "There is little discipline within the Yan government, they are ready for the taking. Only Huangfu Zhen is knowledgable, so we should be careful of him." Fu Jian said, "In all their six provinces, they have yet to find a single man of wisdom. Though Huangfu Zhen serves Yan, his roots lie in the land of Qin. No doubt that the Guanxi is filled with many talented gentlemen." [7]
After Yang Wu died in 367, Huangfu Zhen replaced him as Grand Commandant and was once again appointed Palace Attendant. The following year, the Qin princes, Fu Liu (苻柳), Fu Shuang (苻雙), Fu Sou (苻廋) and Fu Wu (苻武) rebelled against Fu Jian. Murong De wrote a memorial to the court proposing that they intervene in Fu Jian's civil war, adding that Huangfu Zhen, Murong Chui and Murong Ping should be dispatched to assist them at once. However, his memorial was rejected by Murong Ping. Fu Sou later wrote a letter to Murong Chui and Huangfu Zhen, warning them about Fu Jian and his talented advisor Wang Meng, as well as asking them for help. Murong Chui said to Huangfu Zhen, "The greatest threat of our time is certainly Qin, but seeing our lord's youth and the Grand Tutor's (Murong Ping) insightfulness, how can they ever be a match for Fu Jian and Wang Meng?" Zhen replied, "Indeed, but even if I know it, what good would it be if no one listens to me?" By the end of the year, all four princes were defeated, and order was restored in Qin. [8]
In 369, the Grand Marshal of Jin, Huan Wen, launched a grand expedition against Yan. Yan allied themselves with Qin, and after a decisive Yan victory at the Battle of Fangtou by Murong Chui, Huan Wen was driven back south. Yan had promised Qin with territory west of Hulao but retracted it after they no longer need their help. Qin saw this as their pretext to invade Yan. This was even further fuelled by Murong Chui's defection from Yan to Qin. When Yan's envoy, Liang Chen (梁琛) returned from Qin, his alarming reports were disregarded by both Murong Ping and Murong Wei, but Huangfu Zhen became worried when he came to know of it. Zhen submitted a petition to the court, urging them to take the Qin threat seriously and fortify Luoyang, Taiyuan, and Huguan garrisons. [9]
Murong Wei turned to Murong Ping in regard to Zhen's petition, but Ping assured him that Qin posed no harm to Yan, so the petition was largely ignored. In the end, both Wei and Ping were proven wrong, as Qin was able to conquer Yan within a year by 370. Fu Jian entered Yan's capital of Ye in December of that year. When Wang Meng first entered Ye, Huangfu Zhen only looked up at the head of Wang's horse and saluted him. The next day, Zhen began addressing Wang as 'minister'. When asked why, Zhen replied, "Minister, yesterday you were an enemy, this morning you are a gentleman of my state. What is so strange in saluting an enemy and addressing a fellow gentleman as 'minister'?" Wang Meng was pleased with his answer. [10]
In January 371, Huangfu Zhen was brought to Qin's capital in Chang'an. He was appointed Commandant of the Chariots and would serve Qin for several years before dying of old age. His year of death is not recorded.
According to the Book of Jin , Huangfu Zhen was very frugal and had very little ambition. He did not associate himself with any industry and was measured in the way he drinks. A talented writer, he also wrote at least 40 poems and rhapsodies throughout his life. [11]
Meng Yi was a Chinese military general and politician. As an official of the Qin dynasty, he served in the court of Qin Shi Huang. He was a younger brother of the general Meng Tian. After Qin Shi Huang's death, Meng Yi and his brother were executed by Qin Er Shi on the urging of Zhao Gao.
Yao Xiang (331-357), courtesy name Jingguo, posthumously honored Prince Wu of Wei, was an ethnic Qiang warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms and Jin dynasty in Chinese history. He was the fifth son and heir of the Later Zhao general Yao Yizhong as well as the brother of Later Qin's first emperor, Yao Chang. After the destruction of Later Zhao and the death of Yizhong in 352, Yao Xiang went south to serve under the Jin dynasty. However, due to animosity between him and the Jin commander, Yin Hao, Yao Xiang proclaimed independence and roved the Central Plains to establish his base, fighting against Jin and Former Qin. Although Xiang suffered major losses from time to time, his charismatic personality allowed him to win and keep the support of the people wherever he went. In the end, however, Yao Xiang was killed in an ambush in 357 while fighting Qin forces at Sanyuan.
Deng Qiang was a Chinese military general of the Former Qin dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He came to prominence during the reign of Fu Sheng when he helped defeat and kill the Qiang warlord Yao Xiang, but for most of his career he would serve Sheng's successor, Fu Jian. He was a leading figure in the rise of Former Qin, usually in conjunction with Wang Meng, as he led Fu Jian's army to victory against Zhang Ping and Former Yan, stamping out corruption in the government while putting down the rebellions of Fu Jian's relatives and Zhang Yu (張育). He and his peer Zhang Ci were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)", a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty.
Zhang Ci, originally named Gong Ci, was a Chinese military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the adopted son of the warlord Zhang Ping and fought during his father's war against Former Qin in 358. After he was captured in battle, Zhang Ci served Qin's ruler Fu Jian, participating in his campaigns against Former Yan, Dai and the Jin dynasty until his presumed death in 386 while serving Fu Pi. He and Deng Qiang were known as the "Enemies of Ten Thousands (萬人敵)", a title previously held by the generals Guan Yu and Zhang Fei during the end of the Han dynasty. His name can be rendered as Zhang Hao.
Yang An was a military general of Former Qin and possibly a prince of Chouchi. He was mostly active in Qin's conquest of western China, helping Fu Jian in conquering Chouchi, Yizhou and Liangzhou. Although not as grand as his contemporaries, Deng Qiang and Zhang Ci, the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms classed him as an important general of Qin whose merits were comparable to the two.
Zhu Xu, courtesy name Cilun, was a military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was most famous for his involvement in the crucial Battle of Fei River in 383, in which he set up a ruse that caused the disastrous retreat of the Former Qin army. Prior to Fei River, Zhu put down the rebellion of Sima Xun and defended Xiangyang from Qin for more than a year before he was captured and served a brief stint under Qin. After Fei River, Zhu Xu returned to Jin and continued to serve the state. He guarded the northern borders and fought against the states of Zhai Wei and Western Yan before retiring in 392.
Huan Shiqian, childhood name Zhen'e, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was the nephew of Huan Wen and Huan Chong. Shiqian rose to fame in 354, when he single-handedly saved Huan Chong from being surrounded by Former Qin forces. He later led and followed in campaigns against Qin during the 370s as Fu Jian invaded the south to conquer Jin. Shiqian was remembered by the people of his time for his ferocity and bravery.
Huan Yi, courtesy name Shuxia was a Chinese military general and musician of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He was a very popular administrator among the people of Yuzhou, from his early days of Prefect of Huainan to Inspector of the province. He participated in the famous Battle of Fei River in 383, fighting alongside Xie Xuan as they repel Former Qin forces. Outside his military career, Huan Yi was most known for was his contribution in music. It is believed that he was the original composer of the popular guqin composition "Mei Hua Sannong (梅花三弄)" or "3 Variations on the Plum Blossom".
Fu Xiong, courtesy name Yuancai, originally named Pu Xiong (蒲雄), was a Di military general of Former Zhao and Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was the father of Fu Jiān, the third ruler of Former Qin. During the confusion following Shi Hu's death, he served as a general under his father Pu Hong, and during the reign of his brother Fu Jiàn, he was given the role of Prime Minister. Fu Xiong's biggest contribution to the state was when he repelled a major invasion from the Grand Marshal of Jin, Huan Wen, at the Battle of Bailu Plain in 354. After Fu Jiān killed Fu Sheng and took the throne in 357, he was posthumously honoured as Emperor Wenhuan.
Yuan Zhen, courtesy name Yanren, was a Chinese military general of the Jin dynasty (266–420). He had a long career serving the Jin dynasty but he was mostly known for his rebellion in 370. After failing to build a canal to secure the Jin forces' supply route during Huan Wen's campaign against Former Yan, Huan Wen was quick to blame Yuan Zhen after he returned defeated. In response, Yuan Zhen revolted in Shouchun in 369 but would die not long after. His son Yuan Qin continued the rebellion, but he was defeated and executed in 371.
Dou Chong was a Di military general and ruler of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Dou Chong rose to prominence after the Battle of Feishui in 383, remaining loyal to Fu Jian after most of Qin's generals had betrayed the state and becoming a key general. Dou Chong continued his service with Qin under Fu Pi and Fu Deng, but by 393, despite receiving much favour from Fu Deng, he rebelled and declared himself the King of Qin. Dou Chong's Qin only lasted for a year before he was defeated and captured by Later Qin.
Yang Ding was a ruler of Chouchi and a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. His family was a part of the Yang clan that ruled Chouchi but fled to Former Qin after they failed to usurp their relatives' throne. Yang Ding became the son-in-law of Fu Jian and after the Battle of Feishui and the subsequent revolts that took place, Yang Ding greatly contributed to the state's survival until his death in 394. However, he also held independent power after Fu Pi ascended the throne. Then, Yang Ding took the opportunity to restore Chouchi in 385, returning its existence after it had been conquered by Qin in 371. This began the period of Chouchi.
Quan Yi, courtesy name Ziliang, was a minister of Former Qin and Later Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Quan Yi was one of the followers of the Qiang general, Yao Xiang, who surrendered from Later Zhao to the Jin dynasty. After Yao Xiang was killed in 357, Quan Yi followed Xiang's brother, Yao Chang and surrendered to Former Qin, where he served for 28 years. Following the disastrous Battle of Fei River in 383, Quan Yi attempted to stop Murong Chui from marching to north, but was outmaneuvered. As Western Yan troops encircled the capital Chang'an, Quan Yi fled to Yao Chang, now ruler of Later Qin, who he served until his death.
Shi Yue was a military general of Former Qin during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Initially starting out as an envoy to Former Yan, he helped the Qin army in capturing Xiangyang and in quelling the rebellion of Fu Jian's cousin, Fu Luo. He was most noted to be one of the main oppositions towards Fu Jian's plan to conquer the Jin dynasty (266–420) in 382, whose failure to win him over led to the disastrous defeat of the Qin army at the Battle of Feishui. After the defeat, he was entrusted the important task of defending Ye, where he urged Fu Pi to get rid of the suspicious Murong Chui but failing to convince his superior once more. Shi was killed in battle against Murong Nong in 384, and his head was used as an offering to Nong's father, Chui.
Yang Wu, courtesy name Shiqiu, was an official of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Yang was one of the few officials of Yan who served four generations of Murong Hui's family, from Hui himself to his great-grandson, Murong Wei. He was favoured by all four rulers for his upright and reliable character, and the responsibilities that he held were equal to that of Murong Ke. Prior to Murong Jun's death in 360, Yang was among the few chosen people than Jun entrusted to act as regent to his child heir, Murong Wei.
Muyu Gen was a military general and regent of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a main contributor to Murong Huang's victory in the defence of Jicheng in 338 and convinced Murong Jun to carry out his conquest of Later Zhao in 349, which led to Yan's control over the Central Plains. A distinguished veteran, he was chosen by Murong Jun to serve as one of Murong Wei's regents in 360. Although Muyu Gen was brave, he was also jealous and stubborn in nature. He attempted to kill his co-regent Murong Ke by sowing discord between Ke and the emperor, but his schemes were uncovered, and he was executed less than a year into his regency.
Yue Wan was a general and politician of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He defended Fancheng from Later Zhao in 339 and helped defeat Ran Min with Yao Xiang and Shi Zhi during the Yan-Wei War in 351. He was mostly known for his reforms in 368, in which he attempted to fix Yan's household registration system that was being abused by the nobility and corrupted officials. Following his conquest of Yan in 370, Former Qin's ruler, Fu Jian, lamented that he was unable to recruit Yue Wan while he was still alive.
Feng Yi, courtesy name Zizhuan, was a Chinese official of Former Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After his grandfather introduced him to Murong Hui in 310, Feng Yi would go on to be one of the few officials to serve four generations of Murong Hui's lineage. Feng distinguished himself during Murong Huang's tenure as Duke of Liaodong, consecutively defeating the rival Duan and Yuwen Xianbei clans, and later participating in the Yan-Wei War, in which he conquered Bohai and helped capture Ran Min. For his accomplishments, he was given the important positions of Chancellor of the State and subsequently Grand Commandant before dying in 365.
Duan Liao (段遼), also known as Duan Huliao (段護遼), was a Xianbei chieftain of the Duan tribe during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of China. He was the last chieftain of the Duan state before it was conquered in 338. Duan Liao launched a number of attacks against the Duke of Liaodong and later Prince of Former Yan, Murong Huang after civil war erupted between Huang and his brother, Murong Ren. Duan Liao met with repeated failures, and in 338, Murong Huang and Shi Hu of Later Zhao formed an alliance for a joint campaign against the Duans which resulted in the destruction of their state. Duan Liao surrendered to Murong Huang, but later rebelled and was killed in 339. Although the Duan tribe's state was destroyed, they remained an important family throughout the period through their marriages with the Murongs.
Zhang Ping was a warlord during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of China. He was initially the Inspector of Bingzhou under the Later Zhao dynasty who later gained autonomy over the province following the decline of the state at the start of the 350s. He wavered his loyalty between Former Qin, Former Yan and the Eastern Jin dynasties until he was able to muster the strength to briefly compete with the Former Qin and Former Yan as a rival state in 357. That year, he went to war with Fu Jiān but was decisively defeated and forced back into submission. Shortly after his defeat, Zhang surrendered to the Former Yan. In 361, Zhang Ping rebelled against the Former Yan over a territorial dispute but was killed by invading Former Qin forces in the process.