IDF admissions to misconduct after initial denials

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The Israel Defense Forces (IDF), the military forces of the State of Israel, has on several occasions been involved in incidents that resulted in accusations of misconduct or potential breaches of international law. In some instances, initial official statements or denials were later revised following internal investigations, which subsequently acknowledged wrongdoing or provided more clarity on events. This article documents such instances, emphasizing the timeline from initial denial to subsequent acknowledgment.

Contents

Qibya massacre (October 14, 1953)

Initial report and denial

In October 1953, Israeli troops led by Ariel Sharon, under Operation Shoshana, or Qibya massacre, attacked the village of Qibya in the West Bank, then controlled by Jordan. Over sixty-nine Palestinian villagers, [1] primarily women and children, [2] were killed. Israeli forces framed this operation as a retaliation for the Yehud attack, where an Israeli mother and her two children were killed. Numerous structures, including forty-five houses, a school, and a mosque, were destroyed in Qibya. [3] The incident garnered international attention, being condemned by institutions such as the United States Department of State and the United Nations Security Council. [4] Initially, Israeli officials denied military involvement, suggesting it was the act of enraged civilians. [5]

Investigation and admission

In the wake of international criticism, Israel eventually acknowledged that the attack on Qibya was approved by its leadership. [6] However, they contested the reported death toll. Ariel Sharon, who played a pivotal role in the operation, defended it by asserting that it was a necessary retaliation for previous terror attacks against Israelis. [7]

Kafr Qasim massacre (October 29, 1956)

Initial report and denial

On October 29, 1956, during the Kafr Qasim massacre, Israeli border police killed 48 Arab civilians, including women and children, who were returning home from work in the village of Kafr Qasim. The villagers were unaware that a curfew had been imposed earlier that day amid tensions surrounding the Suez Crisis. [8] Israel immediately imposed a military censorship blocking all media reporting on the event. For months, the government denied responsibility and refused access to the village. [9] [10] [11]

Investigation and admission

After two months of protests led by Arab Knesset members, Israel finally lifted the media blackout. An inquiry found that border police shot the villagers under orders from commanders to kill anyone violating the curfew. [12] In 1958, courts martial convicted a number of officers of murder, though their prison sentences were soon controversially reduced by appeals and presidential pardons. [13] The key outcome was the landmark ruling that soldiers have a duty to disobey manifestly illegal orders. The court found the "shoot to kill" order blatantly unlawful. [14]

Khan Yunis massacre (November 3, 1956)

Initial report and denial

On November 3, 1956, during the Suez Crisis, the Israel Defense Forces carried out operations in Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip, as well as the neighboring Khan Yunis refugee camp. The IDF, in what is known as the Khan Yunis massacre, shot dead hundreds of Palestinian civilians during house raids ostensibly aimed at militants. [15] [16] Israel's initial statements claimed that most of the deaths occurred during armed clashes with militants or Fedayeen fighters. The government strongly denied any unlawful killings of civilians by its troops. [17] [18] [19]

Investigation and admission

A United Nations report estimated that 275 Palestinians were killed in Khan Yunis. [20] Palestinian eyewitnesses described summary executions and mass shootings of civilians. [21] In 2004, IDF veteran accounts published in the Israeli press confirmed that a civilian massacre was perpetrated by Israeli soldiers in Khan Yunis. [22] Israel eventually acknowledged that there was a massacre of civilians occurred based on these IDF accounts, overturning its initial claims that deaths occurred during armed clashes. [23]

The usage of white phosphorus in Operation Cast Lead (2008 – 2009)

Initial report and denial

In December 2008, Israel launched a major military offensive in Gaza known as Operation Cast Lead, aimed at Hamas and other militant groups. During the 3-week operation, there were numerous reports by UN officials, human rights groups, and journalists on the ground claiming Israel had used white phosphorus munitions in densely populated areas of Gaza. Such usage is restricted under international law due to the indiscriminate and horrific burns white phosphorus causes on contact with skin. Initially, Israeli officials categorically denied that its forces used white phosphorus weapons in Gaza at all. [24]

Investigation and admission

In January 2009, after accumulating evidence made clear white phosphorus shells were extensively fired in Gaza, the IDF finally admitted to using the munition. [25] However, it claimed the white phosphorus shells were only used to create smokescreens per international law, not as an incendiary weapon against people. Rights groups disputed this, citing evidence of white phosphorus burns on injured civilians. [26]

Beitunia killings (May 15, 2014)

Initial report and denial

On May 15, 2014, two 17-year-old Palestinian teenagers, Nadeem Nawara and Mohammad Salameh, were shot dead by Israel Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers during annual Nakba Day protests outside Ofer Prison in the West Bank. Multiple eyewitnesses and video footage clearly showed the two teens were unarmed when fatally shot. [27] However, Israeli officials initially denied that any live ammunition was used against the demonstrators. They instead claimed the cause of death was unknown, questioned the evidence, and stated only non-lethal methods were used to disperse protesters. [27] [28]

Investigation and admission

Following months of international pressure and scrutiny, Israel finally admitted in November 2014 that live ammunition had been used, contrary to its initial categorical denials. [29] [30] Forensic evidence matched a bullet to the rifle of an Israeli border policeman. [31] He was arrested and charged with shooting and killing Nadeem Nawara. In 2018, the officer pleaded guilty to causing death by negligence for the accidental live fire shooting. [32]

Killing of Shireen Abu Akleh (May 11, 2022)

Initial report and denial

On May 11, 2022, renowned Palestinian-American Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot and killed while reporting on an early morning Israeli military raid at the Jenin refugee camp in the occupied West Bank city of Jenin. [33] Abu Akleh, who was wearing a helmet and vest clearly marked "Press," was with a group of journalists when she was fatally shot in the head. [33] The Israeli Defense Forces initially denied that its soldiers were responsible for her death. Israeli officials claimed she could have been killed by indiscriminate Palestinian gunfire during clashes with IDF troops, calling her death a tragedy in the fog of war. [34] [35]

Investigation and admission

After over four months of widespread condemnation, multiple international probes finding Israel responsible, and growing accusations of a cover-up, Israel finally admitted in September 2022 that there was a "high probability" Abu Akleh was mistakenly shot by one of its soldiers during the Jenin raid. [36] [37]

Death of five palestinian children in Gaza airstrike (August 7, 2022)

Initial report and denial

On August 7, 2022, an Israeli airstrike on Jabalia refugee camp in the Gaza Strip killed five Palestinian children aged 3 to 16. The children were killed when a missile struck outside their home. [38] The Israel Defense Forces initially claimed the children were likely killed by a failed rocket launch from Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) militants in the area. Israel denied its forces were responsible. [38]

Investigation and Aamission

However, the IDF later opened an investigation which found no PIJ rockets had been fired from the vicinity at the time. The investigation conclusively determined Israeli fighter jets had conducted the airstrike that resulted in the deaths of the five children. An IDF official admitted the military's initial claim blaming PIJ rocket misfire was incorrect. [39] [40]

Related Research Articles

This timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict lists events from 1948 to the present. The Israeli–Palestinian conflict emerged from intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine between Palestinian Jews and Arabs, often described as the background to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The conflict in its modern phase evolved since the declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948 and consequent intervention of Arab armies on behalf of the Palestinian Arabs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qibya massacre</span> 1953 killing of 69 Palestinian civilians by Israeli forces

The Qibya massacre occurred during Operation Shoshana, an Israeli so-called reprisal operation that occurred in October 1953, when IDF's Unit 101 led by future Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon attacked the village of Qibya in the West Bank, which was then under Jordanian control, and killed more than sixty-nine Palestinian civilians, two-thirds of whom were women and children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khan Yunis</span> City in Gaza, Palestine

Khan Yunis, also spelled Khan Younis or Khan Yunus, is a Palestinian city serving as the capital of the Khan Yunis Governorate in the southern Gaza Strip. It has been largely destroyed on account of the ongoing Israel–Hamas war.

This page is a partial listing of incidents of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in 2004.

The Murder of the Hatuel family was a shooting attack on May 2, 2004, in which Palestinian militants killed Tali Hatuel, a Jewish settler, who was eight months pregnant, and her four daughters, aged two to eleven. The attack took place near the Kissufim Crossing near their home in Gush Katif bloc of Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada. After shooting at the vehicle in which Hatuel was driving with her daughters, witnesses said the militants approached the vehicle and shot the occupants repeatedly at close range.

In 2004, the Israeli Defense Forces launched Operation "Days of Penitence", otherwise known as Operation "Days of Repentance" in the northern Gaza Strip. The operation lasted between 29 September and 16 October 2004. About 130 Palestinians, and 1 Israeli were killed.

This page is a partial listing of incidents of violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reprisal operations</span> Military operations by Israel in response to Arab fedayeen attacks

Reprisal operations were raids carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in the 1950s and 1960s in response to frequent fedayeen attacks during which armed Arab militants infiltrated Israel from Syria, Egypt, and Jordan to carry out attacks on Israeli civilians and soldiers. Most of the reprisal operations followed raids that resulted in Israeli fatalities. The goal of these operations – from the perspective of Israeli officials – was to create deterrence and prevent future attacks. Two other factors behind the raids were restoring public morale and training newly formed army units. A number of these operations involved attacking villages and Palestinian civilians in the West Bank, including the 1953 Qibya massacre.

The Yehud attack was an attack on a civilian house in the village of Yehud carried out by a Palestinian fedayeen squad on 12 October 1953. Three Israeli Jewish civilians, a mother and her infant children, were killed in the attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khan Yunis massacre</span> 1956 mass killing of Palestinians by Israeli forces during the Suez Crisis

The Khan Yunis massacre took place on 3 November 1956, perpetrated by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in the Palestinian town of Khan Yunis and the nearby refugee camp of the same name in the Gaza Strip during the Suez Crisis.

The Rafah massacre occurred on November 12, 1956, during Israel's occupation of the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Protectorate following the Suez Crisis. The town of Rafah, lying on the Egypt–Gaza border, had been one of two invasion points during the initial incursion by the Israel Defense Forces into the Strip on November 1.

This is a list of individual incidents and statistical breakdowns of incidents of violence between Israel and Palestinian dissident factions in 2014 as part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes</span> Botched Israeli covert operation and firefight in the Gaza Strip

Gaza-Israel clashes began on 11 November 2018, when a botched Israeli covert operation carried out in the Khan Yunis area of the southern Gaza Strip killed seven Palestinian militants and one Israeli soldier. Exchanges of fire lasted for two more days, until a cease fire was achieved with Egyptian mediation. Some minor incidents and protests followed some two weeks after the cease fire, with decreasing intensity.

Mass civilian casualties of Israeli bombing, shelling and rocket attacks on the Gaza Strip have occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, in which Israeli bombing attacks on the Gaza Strip cause numerous civilian fatalities. The reason for such operations is purportedly to carry out targeted assassinations of militants from Hamas, Islamic Jihad and other groups seen to be a threat to Israel, whose Shin Bet data banks monitor thousands of Palestinians for targeting. Israel regards such cases as either unfortunate errors, the consequence of civilians being allegedly used to shield militants, or as acceptable collateral damage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shireen Abu Akleh</span> Palestinian-American journalist (1971–2022)

Shireen Abu Akleh was a prominent Palestinian-American journalist who worked as a reporter for 25 years for Al Jazeera, before she was killed by Israeli forces while wearing a blue press vest and covering a raid on the Jenin refugee camp in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Abu Akleh was one of the most prominent names across the Middle East for her decades of reporting in the Palestinian territories, and seen as a role model for many Arab and Palestinian women. She is considered to be an icon of Palestinian journalism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Gaza–Israel clashes</span> 2022 conflict between Israel and Gaza

The 2022 Gaza–Israel clashes code-named as Operation Breaking Dawn lasted from 5 to 7 August 2022. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conducted some 147 airstrikes in Gaza and Palestinian militants fired approximately 1,100 rockets towards Israel. The operation, ordered by Prime Minister Yair Lapid and Defense Minister Benny Gantz without prior Cabinet discussion or approval, followed a raid in Jenin in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, in which Israeli forces arrested Bassam al-Saadi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in that area. On 6 August, Israel arrested 20 people in the West Bank of whom 19 were members of PIJ and a further 20 on 7 August according to an unnamed Israeli official.

Events in the year 2022 in the Palestinian territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Killing of Shireen Abu Akleh</span> 2022 killing of a Palestinian journalist

At approximately 7:08 a.m. (EEST) on 11 May 2022, the Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot dead while she was covering a raid by the Israel Defense Forces at the Jenin refugee camp. Nearby witnesses and the Qatari media network Al Jazeera, for whom Abu Akleh had been employed for 25 years, alleged that she had been killed after being shot in the head by an Israeli soldier. Following the shooting, she was transported to the local Ibn Sina Specialized Hospital, where she was pronounced dead by medical personnel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Israeli war crimes</span> War crimes perpetrated by Israel

Israeli violations of international criminal law, including war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide, which the Israel Defense Forces have committed or been accused of committing since the founding of Israel in 1948. These have included murder, intentional targeting of civilians, killing prisoners of war and surrendered combatants, indiscriminate attacks, collective punishment, starvation, the use of human shields, sexual violence and rape, torture, pillage, forced transfer, breach of medical neutrality, targeting journalists, attacking civilian and protected objects, wanton destruction, incitement to genocide, and genocide.

References

  1. ↑ Ganin, Zvi (2005), An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership And Israel, 1948–1957, Syracuse University Press, p. 191, ISBN   9780815630517
  2. ↑ Shlaim, Avi (1999). The Iron Wall. Norton. p. 91. ISBN   0-393-04816-0.
  3. ↑ Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, 1949–1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation and the Countdown to the Suez War, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 258–9.
  4. ↑ Avi Shlaim (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 91. ISBN   0-393-32112-6. The Qibya massacre unleashed against Israel a storm of international protest of unprecedented severity in the country's short history.
  5. ↑ Avi Shlaim (2001). The Iron Wall - Israel and the Arab World (Updated edition 2014). Penguin Books. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-141-03322-8.
  6. ↑ Avi Shlaim (2001). The Iron Wall - Israel and the Arab World (Updated edition 2014). Penguin Books. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-141-03322-8.
  7. ↑ Benny Morris, Israel's Border Wars, ibid. pp. 257–276. esp. pp.249,262
  8. ↑ Lucas, Noah (1975). The Modern History of Israel. New York, New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 356. ISBN   0-275-33450-3.
  9. ↑ Bergsmo, Morten; Buis, Emiliano J. (2018-11-30). Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Correlating Thinkers. Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher. ISBN   978-82-8348-118-1.
  10. ↑ Robinson (2003), p. 400
  11. ↑ Aderet, Ofer (October 11, 2018). "General's Final Confession Links 1956 Massacre to Israel's Secret Plan to Expel Arabs". Haaretz . Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  12. ↑ Asher, Danny (April 2008). Red and Blue – A Corps's Story 1948–2008 (in Hebrew). Israeli Ministry of Defense. pp. 48–49.
  13. ↑ 'Rivlin condemns 'terrible crime' of Kfar Kassem massacre' Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine , The Times of Israel 26 October 2014.
  14. ↑ Ronnie May Olesker, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University). International Law and Organization. The value of security vs. the security of values: The relationship between the rights of the minority and the security of the majority in Israel. 2007. p. 318.
  15. ↑ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, Random House 2011 p. 295: In all Israeli troops killed about five hundred Palestinian civilians during and after the conquest of the Strip. About two hundred of these were killed in the course of massacres in Khan Yunis (on 3 November) and in Rafa (on 12 November).
  16. ↑ Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993, Oxford University Press, 1997 p. 65: 'Dozens of fid'iyyun were summarily executed, and 275 Palestinian civilians were killed as Israeli troops swept Khan Yunis for fugitives and weapons on 3 November'.
  17. ↑ Graphic novel on IDF 'massacres' in Gaza set to hit bookstores.
  18. ↑ גרינפטר, יעל. "הטבח בחאן יונס". הארץ– via Haaretz.
  19. ↑ "Graphic novel on IDF 'massacres' in Gaza set to hit bookstores". Haaretz.
  20. ↑ "A/3212/Add.1 of 15 December 1956". 15 December 1956. United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  21. ↑ Sacco, Joe (12 October 2010). Footnotes in Gaza. Metropolitan Books. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-8050-9277-6.
  22. ↑ "Graphic novel on IDF 'massacres' in Gaza set to hit bookstores". 21 December 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  23. ↑ Jean-Pierre Filiu, Gaza: A History, Oxford University Press, 2014 pp.95-100.
  24. ↑ Hider, James; Frenkel, Sheera (24 January 2009). "Israel admits using white phosphorus in attacks on Gaza". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  25. ↑ "Israel admits using white phosphorus in attacks on Gaza" The Times 24 January 2009.(subscription required)
  26. ↑ Esveld, Bill Van (25 March 2009). "Rain of Fire: Israel's Unlawful Use of White Phosphorus in Gaza". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 June 2012. PDF
  27. 1 2 Jodi Rudoren, "Video Renews Questions on Death of Young Palestinians", The New York Times , 20 May 2014.
  28. ↑ Jonathan Cook, "You can’t force-feed occupation to those who crave freedom", The National , Abu Dhabi, 23 June 2014.
  29. ↑ Aviel Magenzi, "Israel names Border Police officer accused of killing Palestinian protester", Ynet, 14 December 2014.
  30. ↑ Botelho, Greg; Robertson, Nic (14 November 2014). "Israeli policeman arrested in Palestinian teen's death". CNN . Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  31. ↑ Chaim Levinson, "Forensics: Bullet that killed Palestinian teen came from Border Policeman's gun", Haaretz , 19 November 2014.
  32. ↑ Judah Ari Gross,Israeli cop sentenced to 9 months for killing Palestinian teen, The Times of Israel , 25 April 2018.
  33. 1 2 Ekin, Annette. "Al Jazeera takes the killing of Shireen Abu Akleh to the ICC". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  34. ↑ Hadas Gold and Abeer Salman (September 5, 2022). "Israeli military admits Shireen Abu Akleh likely killed by Israeli fire, but won't charge soldiers". CNN. Archived from the original on September 6, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Initial IDF probe of reporter's death proposes 2 scenarios for who fired fatal shot". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  36. ↑ Kingsley, Patrick (14 November 2022). "U.S. Investigating Killing of Al Jazeera Journalist in West Bank, Israel Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Shireen Abu Aqla: Israel won't cooperate with US death probe". BBC News. 15 November 2022. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.
  38. 1 2 "Reports: Israel carried out Gaza strike that killed 5 minors". AP News. August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  39. ↑ "IDF finds Israeli strike killed 5 children in Gaza during recent operation – report". Times of Israel. August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Israeli Strike Killed 5 Gaza Children, Officials Admit, After Initially Blaming Islamic Jihad". Haaretz. August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
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