Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah | |||||
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1st Sultan of Sarawak | |||||
Reign | 1599–1641 | ||||
Predecessor | Title established | ||||
Successor | Title abolished | ||||
Born | Brunei | ||||
Died | 1641 Batu Buaya, Santubong, Sarawak | ||||
Burial | Kampong Batu Buaya, Santubong, Sarawak | ||||
Spouse | Puteri Surya Kesuma Puteri Matan | ||||
Issue |
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House | Bolkiah | ||||
Father | Sultan Muhammad Hasan | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah Ibni Muhammad Hassan (died 1641), also known as Sultan Tengah or Raja Tengah, [1] was the first and only Sultan of the Sultanate of Sarawak. He is the son of Sultan Muhammad Hasan of Brunei.
The Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei, 'Royal Genealogy of Brunei' have written stories about him, although some have added to and varied from the originals. In the genealogy version of Datu Imam Ya'akub and Khatif Haji Abdul Latif, Pengiran Raja Tengah Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah is the son of Sultan Muhammad Hasan and was crowned king of Sambas in addition to being the Sultan of Sarawak, is extensively described in the genealogy version of Pehin Orang Kaya Digadong. [2] He was commonly recognised as the son or grandchild of Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar. However, Sambas's sources gave the precise birth date of his son, Raden Sulaiman, as 14 April 1601. [3]
His father, Sultan Muhammad Hassan, was Brunei's ninth Sultan from 1582 to 1598. At his death, he was succeeded by Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah's brother, Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar. [4] Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar may have anticipated the rivalry between him and his brother, which may have contributed to the creation of the Sultanate of Sarawak. Consequently, he named his younger brother Sultan of Sarawak, taking into account the fact that Sarawak is a remote region of Brunei. [5] Pengiran Raja Tengah Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, was proclaimed the first Sultan of Sarawak by his brother, Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar, in 1599. [6]
Heading off for Sarawak, Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah took a total of one thousand men (Brunei people who reside in Kampong Saba) with him. [7] [1] These troops are made up of Sakai, Kedayan, and Bunut, three natives of Sarawak. Not only that, but he was also joined by Brunei's royal kin, who helped Sarawak establish a government. Bukit Bedil (Bedil Hill) in Santubong was the location of the first palace. The Sarawak sultanate's administrative hub was decided to be in the Santubong region. According to the Diraja Sambas account, the Sultan identified himself as Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah or Sultan Abdul Jalil. [5]
When Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah traveled to Johore-Penang, he went to see his mother and ordered the establishment of the Sultanate of Sarawak, which was headed by four state ministers who were Dato Patinggi Seri Setia (Datu Patinggi), Dato Shahbandar Indera Wangsa (Datu Shahbandar), Dato Amar Seri Diraja (Datu Amar) and Dato Temenggong Laila Wangsa (Datu Temenggong). It was rumoured that the Sultan was expelled from Johor for hitting a dancer after a handkerchief accidentally struck his face during a performance. Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah, who was still in charge of Johor at the moment, became enraged at this deed and drove the Sarawakin Sultan back home. On the other hand, some accusations state that the Sultan's expulsion from Johor resulted from his unwillingness to grant his mother's wish for him to wed Princess Cik Zohra. The Raja Bonda of Pahang at the time was the brother of the Sultan. [7] [5]
A typhoon struck Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah's ship on the way back to Sarawak as well, carrying them to the Sukadana (West Kalimantan) kingdom. [1] At that time, King Digiri Mustika of Sukadana provided service to the entourage of the Sultan of Sarawak, leading to his eventual conversion to Islam and becoming Sultan Muhammad Shafiuddin. While awaiting a safe circumstance in the Strait of Melaka, the Sarawakian Sultan wed Puteri Surya Kesuma, the younger sister of King Sukadana, and resided in Sukadana for a while, teaching the local populace. [5] The Sultan made the decision to temporarily reside in the Sukadana Sultanate following his marriage in order to assess the safety conditions around the Melaka Strait. Their only son named Sulaiman was born. [8]
Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah made the decision to leave the Sukadana Sultanate and relocate to the Sambas River region after around 7 years of settlement there, as the conditions near the Melaka Strait remained dangerous. With forty boats fully armed, the Sultan departed Sukadana in 1638 and made his way to Panembahan Sambas on the Sambas River. King of Panembahan Sambas at the time, Ratu Sapudak, gave the Sultan's delegation a warm reception. Ratu Sapudak then gave his approval for the Sultan to relocate to an area close to the Panembahan Sambas administrative headquarters. Soon after, Ratu Sapudak passed away, and Raden Kencono took the throne, assuming the name Ratu Anom Kesumayuda. [8]
The eldest son of Sulaiman was married to Mas Ayu Bungsu, the youngest daughter of the late Ratu Sapudak, around ten years after the family moved to Panembahan Sambas. After that, Panembahan Sambas gave Sulaiman the title of Raden, allowing him to dwell there with Mas Ayu Bungsu as Raden Sulaiman. Raden Sulaiman's first child, Raden Bima, was born into his marriage to Mas Ayu Bungsu. Then, along with Adinda Ratu Anom Kesumayuda called Raden Aryo Mangkurat, Raden Sulaiman was named by Ratu Anom Kesumayuda as one of the Ministers of Panembahan Sambas. [8] Raden Sulaiman eventually relocated to Kota Bandir and founded an Islamic empire there under the name Sultan Muhammad Shafiyuddin [3] as a consequence of a disagreement with Pengiran Mangkurat, the first Vizier of Sambas. The genealogy also describes how Raden Bima, the prince of Raden Sulaiman, faced Sultan Muhyiddin in Gelagak (Kalakah) and was then taken to Brunei where he was crowned Sultan of Sambas, succeeding his father as Sultan Anom. [9]
Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah made the decision to go back to Sarawak soon after he noticed that the area around the Melaka Strait had become safer and that his son Raden Sulaiman had married and taken on the role of Minister of Panembahan Sambas. The Sultan returned to Sarawak in 1652, accompanied by his wife Puteri Surya Kesuma and her four children (Badaruddin, Abdul Wahab, Rasmi Puteri, and Ratna Dewi). [8] [5] The Sultan lived at Matan, also known as Sukadana, for at least ten years, based on the number of children born to the Sultan. Following that, the Sultan established a settlement at Kota Bangun and relocated to Sambas with his family. [7]
Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah married the princess of Ratu Sambas in Sambas on his visit, this time having a son named Radin Bima. He was wounded by a Sakai with a broken harpoon as he paused to relieve himself at Kampung Batu Buaya on his way back to Sarawak. [1] He died soon after and was buried at Sematan, Sarawak in 1641. [10] Following his suicide, the Sultan's remains was interred atop Bukit Santubong's slopes in accordance with the customs and tradition of the Sarawak Sultanate. [8]
Following the Sultan's death, the four state ministers assumed control of the area. [5] The titles bestowed upon Sarawak's nobilities after his passing have persisted to this day. [11] Sarawak was ruled by the four native datu until the first White Rajahs came in 1842, according to tradition, following the death of Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah. [3] Two princes of Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, known by their titles Pengiran Mangku Negara and Radin Bima, respectively, were summoned by Sultan Muhyiddin to bestow them with titles and governing authority. Radin Bima assumed the title of Sultan Anum and was crowned Sultan of Sambas. [12]
After the death of Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah, the Sultan's wife and her four kids went back to Sukadana. Sultan Sukadana gave Raden Badaruddin the name Pengiran Mangkunegara (Mangku Negara), which he eventually changed to Penambahan (Sultan) Sukadana. Raden Badaruddin traveled to Brunei at that time in order to see Sultan Muhyiddin. It is hardly unexpected that the tale of Raden Sulaiman in Sambas has been recounted in such detail and in such length because the author of the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei is the Sultan of Sambas himself. Among these is the tale of Raden Sulaiman being named by Ratu Anum Kesukma Yudha as the second Vizier. [13]
The Sarawak State Government declared on 11 March 1993, that a tomb had been found in a woodland area close to the intersection of Jalan Damai and Santubong in Kuching. Sultan Ibrahim Ali Omar Shah was later identified to be buried at the mausoleum. Makam Sultan Tengah became one of the primary destination on the list of historical sites in Sarawak. Furthermore, this tomb is a valuable resource for political scientists and historians as it provides a comprehensive understanding of Sarawak's social and historical background at that era. [14]
The oldest tomb in the nation, is accessible to the public for free every day from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., according to the Sarawak Museum Department. The position posted on Facebook, stating, "The department held a mutual cooperation to clean it to give comfort to visitors for the reopening of the meal." [15] In August 2007, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah paid a visit to the tomb at Santubong while he was in Sarawak. [11]
Directed by Zakaria Hassan, a musical about Sultan Tengah would have its city debut at Stadium Perpaduan on 21–23 September 2018. The musical's production, which stars Fahrin Ahmad as Sultan Tengah and Mahmud Ali Basah as Sultan Abdul Jalil Akbar, is open to the public. [16] [17] A combined orchestra of thirty professional musicians from Kuching North City Commission (DBKU) will also play during the two-day theater event. [18] [19]
In 2020, the Sarawak Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) endeavored to utilize Darul Hana to depict the state of Sarawak as a component of the history for the Sarawak Malays. They contended that the Malay chiefs chosen by the Brooke administration and subsequently the Crown Colony of Sarawak uphold the tradition of Sultan Tengah. [20] [21]
Jalan Sultan Tengah, a road in Kuching, commemorates his name. [22]
Omar Ali Saifuddin II was the 23rd Sultan of Brunei. During his reign, Western powers such as the United Kingdom and the United States visited the country. His reign saw the British adventurer James Brooke becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak.
Omar Ali Saifuddin I ibni Muhammad Alauddin, also known as Al-Marhum Makam Besar, was the 18th Sultan of Brunei and the second son of Sultan Muhammad Alauddin. He was regarded as one of the longest-serving sultans and was renowned for his wise leadership and just rule, merely following his father-in-law, Sultan Hussin Kamaluddin. In fact, he received helpful knowledge, counsel, and experience from his father-in-law when he was still alive during his reigning period.
Bendahara was an administrative position within classical Malay kingdoms comparable to a vizier before the intervention of European powers during the 19th century. A bendahara was appointed by a sultan and was a hereditary post. The bendahara and the sultan shared the same lineage.
Abdul Momin ibni Abdul Wahab was the 24th Sultan of Brunei from 1852 until his death in 1885.
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin was the 25th Sultan of Brunei from 1885 to 1906. Pengiran Anak Hashim or Hashim Jalilul was a prominent and controversial figure in Bruneian history. Many Western visitors' narrative painted him and his surroundings in a bad light, which was consistent with the idea that Brunei was a decaying monarchy at the time.
Bolkiah ibni Sulaiman or commonly known as Nakhoda Ragam, was the sultan of Brunei from 1485 until his death in 1524, he ascended the throne upon the abdication of his father, Sultan Sulaiman. His reign was known as the "Golden Age of Brunei" due to its dominance throughout Borneo and the southern Philippines.
The Sultanate of Sambas was a traditional Malay state on the Western coast of the island of Borneo, in modern-day Indonesia.
Muhyiddin ibni Abdul Jalilul Akbar was the 15th Sultan of Brunei and the fourth son of Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar. He took the throne after defeating his opponent, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin during the Brunei Civil War. Notably, he also attempted to return the throne back to the origin bloodline via Sultan Muhammad Ali's family.
Muhammad Hasan ibni Saiful Rijal, posthumously known as Marhum di Tanjung, was the sultan of Brunei from 1582 to 1598. During him reign, the Bruneian Empire had full control of the island of Borneo and Northern Philippines, including Sulu.
Abdul Jalilul Akbar ibnu Muhammad Hasan, posthumously known as Marhum Tua, was the sultan of Brunei. His verified reign of 61 years, make the longest of any Bruneian sovereign.
Tanjungpura Kingdom or Tanjompura was the name of an ancient 8th century kingdom that was located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The kingdom experienced several moves of the royal capital, first located in Negeri Baru Ketapang Regency, then moved to Sukadana, since Panembahan Sorgi embraced Islam.
The Royal Brunei Mausoleum is a Royal Mausoleum of Brunei located at Jalan Tutong, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. The Mausoleum is the main resting place and burial ground for several Sultans of Brunei and members of the Royal Family. The Royal Mausoleum was opened during the reign of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin I who later became the first monarch to be buried in the Mausoleum when he died in 1795.
The Sultan Omar 'Ali Saifuddien College (SOASC), natively known as Maktab Sultan Omar 'Ali Saifuddien (MSOAS), is a government boys' secondary school in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei. It is the first English secondary school in the country. The school is also one of the only three boys' secondary schools nationwide, with the other two being Muda Hashim Secondary School and Ma'had Islam Brunei. The school provides five years of secondary education leading up to GCE 'O' Level and IGCSE qualification.
The Sultanate of Sarawak was a Malay kingdom, located in present-day Kuching Division, Sarawak. The kingdom was founded in 1599, after the conquest of the preceding Santubong Kingdom and the later Sultanate of Brunei.
Pengiran Anak Damit was the Queen of Brunei as the wife of the 28th Sultan of Brunei, Omar Ali Saifuddien III.
Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin was a nobleman, politician and teacher from Brunei who served as the sixth Speaker of the Legislative Council of Brunei (LegCo), Member of the Privy Council, and the head of the Department of Religious Affairs. He was the founder of several Arabic schools. The institutions included the Seri Begawan Religious Teachers College, the Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit Girls' Secondary Arabic Religious School, and the Hassanal Bolkiah Boys' Arabic Secondary School.
Pengiran Mohammad Salleh ibnu Pengiran Sharifuddin (1790s–1858) or commonly referred to by his title Pengiran Indera Mahkota, was a Bruneian nobleman and politician who was governor of Sarawak in 1827. He founded the city of Kuching in 1827 in what is now Sarawak.
Pengiran Muda Hashim or sometimes referred to by Raja Muda Hashim, was a Bruneian prince who was the son of Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam, and uncle to Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II.
Princess Nor Ehsani, sometimes spelled Noor Ehsani, is the only child and daughter of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin and Queen Tengku Raihani.
Datu Patinggi Abang Ali bin Abang Amir was a key figure in the Sarawak Malays' resistance to the Brunei Empire, which they waged throughout Pengiran Indera Mahkota and Raja Muda Hashim's reign in the 1830s. He became one of the first supporters of the Brooke Raj and was hailed as Sarawak's first national hero. An important part in the 1830s uprising against Bruneian authority was played by him. In an endeavor to oppose Brunei's attempts to subjugate Sarawak through local leaders, he was known to be a fearless and resolute leader. Brooke then took Ali as an aide-de-camp after the Sarawak dispute ended.
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