Immediate Family (book)

Last updated
Immediate Family.jpg
Cover
Author Sally Mann
LanguageEnglish
Genre Photography
Publisher Aperture
Publication date
1992
Pages78
ISBN 978-0-89381-518-9
Preceded by At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women  
Followed by Still Time  

Immediate Family is a 1992 photography book by Sally Mann. Images from the book were first exhibited in 1990 by Edwynn Houk Gallery in New York City. [1] The book is published by Aperture and contains 65 duotone images. The book predominantly features Mann's three children, Emmett, Jessie and Virginia, when all were under 10 years old. Thirteen of the pictures show nudity and three show minor injuries; Emmett with a nosebleed, Jessie with a cut and stitches, and Jessie with a swollen eye from an insect bite. Many explore typical childhood activities at the family's remote summer cabin along the Maury River (skinny dipping, reading the funnies, dressing up, vamping, napping, playing board games) but others touch on darker themes such as insecurity, loneliness, injury, sexuality and death. Several images from the book were re-published in Mann's next book, Still Time . [2]

Contents

Mann stated, "I didn't expect the controversy over the pictures of my children. I was just a mother photographing her children as they were growing up. I was exploring different subjects with them." [3]

Dr. Aaron Esman, a child psychiatrist at the Payne Whitney Clinic believes that Mann is serious about her work and that she has "no intention to jeopardize her children or use them for pornographic images". He says that the nude photographs don't appear to be erotically stimulating to anyone but a "case-hardened pedophile or a rather dogmatic religious fundamentalist". [4]

Production

The images within the book were taken between 1984 and 1991 in rural Virginia, where the children, and Mann herself, spent their childhoods. Photographs were taken with an 8 x 10 view camera. [5] Mann originally decided not to publish the book until 10 years after the last photos had been taken, as her children would be older and more likely to understand the images. When Emmett and Jessie found out they protested, insisting that she publish it sooner. The children held the power to refuse any images being published. Virginia refused to let a photo of her urinating appear in the book and Emmet refused to allow a photo with him with his socks on his hands. Sally Mann commented her children seemed only concerned over being portrayed as "geeks" and showed no concern over nudity. [6]

Reception

In a cover story for The New York Times Magazine , Richard B. Woodward wrote that "Probably no photographer in history has enjoyed such a burst of success in the art world". By September 1992, 300 prints from the book had already been ordered, earning "well over a half-million dollars". [6]

The book was met with "great acclaim and discomfort". [7] Critical review varied from praising the book as "timeless and magic," to chastising it as "pornographic and exploitative." [8] Blake Morrison commented that Immediate Family made Mann famous for the wrong reasons; "because critics exaggerated the intimacy of the photos at the expense of their artfulness; and because the American religious right accused her of pornography when her camera was capturing beauty and transience." [9]

"Out of the 65 photos in the book, only 13 show the children naked. There was no internet in those days. I'd never seen child pornography. It wasn't in people's consciousness. Showing my children's bodies didn't seem unusual to me. Exploitation was the farthest thing from my mind."

— Sally Mann

Lucy Sante (formerly Luc Sante) in The New Republic considered Immediate Family "one of the great photograph books of our time". [10] : 30 

When Time magazine named Mann "America's Best Photographer" in 2001, it wrote:

Mann recorded a combination of spontaneous and carefully arranged moments of childhood repose and revealingly — sometimes unnervingly — imaginative play. What the outraged critics of her child nudes failed to grant was the patent devotion involved throughout the project and the delighted complicity of her son and daughters in so many of the solemn or playful events. No other collection of family photographs is remotely like it, in both its naked candor and the fervor of its maternal curiosity and care. [11]

Making the private public

Deborah Chambers, in her work on family photo albums, reflects on their idyllic nature but also argues they rarely convey the actual experience of the family. Mann's work takes these idyllic photos meant for semi-private consumption and brings them to the public sphere. By working collaboratively with her children Mann uses these idealised family photos to create a narrative from her children's perspectives. [12]

Critics agreed, saying her "vision in large measure [is] accurate, and a welcome corrective to familiar notions of youth as a time of unalloyed sweetness and innocence", [13] and that the book "created a place that looked like Eden, then cast upon it the subdued and shifting light of nostalgia, sexuality and death". [14]

Sarah Parsons reflects on the challenges in categorising Mann's work, arguing it is neither "portraiture, nor documentary, or snapshot". Instead, Parsons argues the power of Mann's work is in the tension between private family life and the showing of that private life in the public sphere. She argues when these private moments are placed in the public eye, they are interpreted through societal codes such as, motherhood; allowing the viewer to interpret the narrative of the work through their subjective views. Additionally, Ann Beattie argues "...a pose is only a pose..." reinforcing the opinion that the controversy stems from adult's subjective interpretation of the narrative that pose creates. [12]

Controversy

Immediate Family appeared at a time politicians were cracking down on even the suspicion of child pornography to appeal to their constituents. Negative accountability forced suspected artists to justify their work, leading many to self-censor or have their work removed from public spaces. Jeff Ferrell described this as "cultural criminalisation", as the media manipulated public conceptions of cultural works, delegitimising artists like Mann, despite legal actions never being having brought against her. [15] According to writer Bruce Handy, the Christian right conflated naturalistic nudes of children by Mann and Jock Sturges with sexualized images by photographers such as David Hamilton. Spurred on by activists such as Randall Terry, an Alabama grand jury indicted Barnes & Noble for selling child pornography. [16] The indictment was dismissed after it was determined the books did not violate state law. [17]

Joan Kee argues artists such as Mann and Jacqueline Livingston were under heighted scrutiny due to photography being linked with law and evidence, the passage of child pornography regulations, and feminists such as Andrea Dworkin and Catherine Mackinnon arguing for the censorship of any nude female photography. [15] However, academics such as Connie Samaras criticized complaints from feminist groups, like women against pornography (WAP), about Mann's work arguing "nakedness, even if it suggests lawlessness... has central meaning to many people's lives for a wide variety of legitimate reasons." [18]

Novelist Mary Gordon argued that the sexual nature of Mann's work invites discussion of her children's sexuality; harmfully bringing part of the private sphere of the nucleus family into the public eye. An example she cites is a photo entitled The Perfect Tomato, in which the viewer sees a nude Jessie, posing on a picnic table outside, bathed in light. Mary Gordon argues "tomato" is slang to describes a desirable woman, the title, consequently, furthering the sexual themes and presenting her daughter as "sexually desirable". [19] Jessie told Steven Cantor during the filming of his documentary Blood Ties that she had just been playing around and her mother told her to freeze, and she tried to capture the image in a rush because the sun was setting. This explains why everything is blurred except for a tomato on the table, hence the photograph's title. [4] Mann responded to Gordon by stating that that any sexual connotations came from the viewer, not the images. [20]

The most negative criticism came from Raymond Sokolov, who questioned whether children should be photographed nude and whether federal funds should be appropriated for such artworks. Accompanying his article one of the images by Mann of her daughter Virginia (Virginia at 4), in which her eyes, nipples, and pubic region were covered by black bars. [21] Mann said he used the image without permission "to illustrate that this is the kind of thing that shouldn't be shown". Mann said that after Virginia saw the article, she started touching herself on the areas that were blacked out, saying, "what's wrong with me?" [4] Mann responded to the criticisms saying she did not plan the photographs and that when she was young, she was often nude, so she raised her children similarly. [22]

Mann was never charged with the taking or selling of child pornography, though according to Edward de Grazia, law professor and civil liberties expert, "any federal prosecutor anywhere in the country could bring a case against [Mann] in Virginia, and not only seize her photos, her equipment, her Rolodexes, but also seize her children for psychiatric and physical examination". [4] Before she published Immediate Family, she consulted a Virginia federal prosecutor who told her that some of the images she was exhibiting could have her arrested. In 1991, she decided to postpone the publication of the book. In an interview with New York Times reporter, Richard Woodward, she said "I thought the book could wait 10 years, when the kids won't be living in the same bodies. They'll have matured and they'll understand the implications of the pictures. I unilaterally decided." However, when her children found out about the decision, they succeeded in changing their mother's mind. However, to protect the children from "teasing", Mann told Woodward that she wanted to keep copies of Immediate Family out of their home town of Lexington. She asked bookstores in the area not to sell it and for libraries to keep it in their rare-book rooms. [6]

In 1993 Steven Cantor directed the film Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann , which focused largely on Mann's defending herself from allegations by the Christian right. [23]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Hamilton (photographer)</span> British photographer and film director (1933–2016)

David Hamilton was a British photographer and film director best known for his photography of young women and girls, mostly nude. Hamilton's images became part of an "art or pornography" debate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sally Mann</span> American photographer (born 1951)

Sally Mann is an American photographer known for making large format black and white photographs of people and places in her immediate surroundings: her children, husband, and rural landscapes, as well as self-portraits.

Erotic photography is a style of art photography of an erotic, sexually suggestive or sexually provocative nature.

Jacqueline Louise Livingston was an American photographer known for her work exploring woman's role as artist and person and investigating the boundaries of intimacy and propriety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Depictions of nudity</span> Visual representations of the nude human form

Depictions of nudity include all of the representations or portrayals of the unclothed human body in visual media. In a picture-making civilization, pictorial conventions continually reaffirm what is natural in human appearance, which is part of socialization. In Western societies, the contexts for depictions of nudity include information, art and pornography. Information includes both science and education. Any ambiguous image not easily fitting into one of these categories may be misinterpreted, leading to disputes. The most contentious disputes are between fine art and erotic images, which define the legal distinction of which images are permitted or prohibited.

<i>What Remains</i> (book) 2003 photography book by Sally Mann

What Remains is a 2003 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Bullfinch Press and contains 132 images on the subject of death, including photographs of decomposing bodies. The book lent its name to the 2005 film about Sally Mann, What Remains: The Life and Work of Sally Mann, in which Mann can be seen at the University of Tennessee's anthropological facility, taking photos for the book of corpses which had specifically been left outside for scientific study of human decomposition. Mann opened her exhibition for the book at the Corcoran College of Art and Design in 2004. The exhibition was divided into five sections that "visually depict[ed] the eternal cycle of life, death, and regeneration."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imagery of nude celebrities</span> Topic of visual depiction of nude celebrities

There has been demand for imagery of nude celebrities for many decades. It is a lucrative business exploited by websites and magazines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nude photography</span> Photography of the naked human body.

Nude photography is the creation of any photograph which contains an image of a nude or semi-nude person, or an image suggestive of nudity. Nude photography is undertaken for a variety of purposes, including educational uses, commercial applications and artistic creations.

United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285 (2008), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that a federal statute prohibiting the "pandering" of child pornography did not violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, even if a person charged under the code did in fact not possess child pornography with which to trade.

Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann is a 1994 American short documentary film directed by Steven Cantor and Peter Spirer. It was premiered at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

Graham Stuart Ovenden was an English painter, fine art photographer and writer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garry Gross</span> American photographer

Garry Gross was an American fashion photographer who went on to specialize in dog portraiture.

Sexting is sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages, photographs, or videos, primarily between mobile phones. It may also include the use of a computer or any digital device. The term was first popularized early in the 21st century and is a portmanteau of sex and texting, where the latter is meant in the wide sense of sending a text possibly with images. Sexting is not an isolated phenomenon but one of many different types of sexual interaction in digital contexts that is related to sexual arousal.

<i>The Age of Innocence</i> (Hamilton book) 1995 book by David Hamilton

The Age of Innocence is a 1995 photography and poetry book by David Hamilton. The book contains images of early-teen girls, often nude, accompanied by lyrical poetry. Images are in a boudoir setting and photographed mainly in colour using a soft-focus filter, with some shots in black-and-white.

<i>Still Time</i> (book) Book by Sally Mann

Still Time is a 1994 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Aperture and was released alongside Mann's exhibition for the photographs. The book consists of 60 four-color and duotone images of landscapes as well as abstract photography and images of Mann's children, some of which have been collected from her previous book, Immediate Family. The cover image is a photograph of Mann's 7-year-old daughter Jessie, who is pictured topless with her chest covered by nightblooming cereus. The book opens with a quote from Eric Ormsby's Childhood House, and images focus on the theme of the passing of time.

<i>At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women</i> Sally Mann photography

At Twelve: Portraits of Young Women is a 1988 photography book by Sally Mann. The book is published by Aperture and contains 37 duotone images of 12-year-old girls. The girls are the children of friends and relatives of Mann in her home state Virginia. Unlike Mann's later work, the images within the book do not feature nudity. The book is dedicated to Mann's husband, Larry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nude photography (art)</span> Artistic photography of the naked human body

Fine art nude photography is a genre of fine-art photography which depicts the nude human body with an emphasis on form, composition, emotional content, and other aesthetic qualities. The nude has been a prominent subject of photography since its invention, and played an important role in establishing photography as a fine art medium. The distinction between fine art photography and other subgenres is not absolute, but there are certain defining characteristics.

Nell (Becker) Dorr was an American photographer.

Fake nude photography is the creation of nude photographs designed to appear as genuine nudes of an individual. The motivations for the creation of these modified photographs include curiosity, sexual gratification, the stigmatization or embarrassment of the subject, and commercial gain, such as through the sale of the photographs via pornographic websites. Fakes can be created using image editing software or through machine learning. Fake images created using the latter method are called deepfakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Childhood nudity</span> Scientific and cultural information about nudity in human children

In contemporary societies, the appropriateness of childhood nudity in various social situations is controversial, with many differences in behavior worldwide. Depending upon conceptions of childhood innocence and sexuality in general, societies may regard social nudity before puberty as normal, as acceptable within same-sex groups, or unacceptable.

References

  1. ↑ Mann, Sally. "Sally Mann CV" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  2. ↑ Wilson, Emma (2003). Cinema's Missing Children. Wallflower Press. p. 121. ISBN   978-1-903364-51-2 . Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  3. ↑ Proctor, Roy. "VMFA show gives Mann chance to transcend controversy". Gagosian Gallery . Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Steven Cantor (Director) (1994). Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann (Motion picture). New York: Stick Figure Productions.
  5. ↑ Osbourne, Valerie (October 27, 2006). "Sally Mann's Immediate Family: The Unflinching and Unafraid Childhood". Yahoo! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 Woodward, Richard B. (September 27, 1992). "The Disturbing Photography of Sally Mann" . The New York Times Magazine. p. 29. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  7. ↑ Appleford, Steve (December 4, 2010). "The dangerous Sally Mann". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Sally Mann Immediate Family". Edwynn Houk Gallery. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  9. ↑ Morrison, Blake (May 29, 2010). "Sally Mann: The naked and the dead". The Guardian . Retrieved May 3, 2013.
  10. ↑ Sante, Luc (May 1, 1995). "Luc Sante on Photography: The Nude and the Naked". The New Republic.
  11. ↑ Price, Reynolds (9 July 2001). "Photographer: Sally Mann". Time. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008.
  12. 1 2 Parsons, Sarah (2008). "'Public/Private Tensions in The Photography of Sally Mann'". History of Photography. 32 (2): 124. doi:10.1080/03087290801895720. S2CID   194099344.
  13. ↑ Hagen, Charles (June 5, 1992). "Review/Art; Childhood Without Sweetness"". The New York Times.
  14. ↑ Rexer, Lyle (November 10, 2000). "Art/Architecture; Marriage Under Glass: Intimate Exposures". The New York Times.
  15. 1 2 Kee, Joan (2019). "Arts of Disengagement: Sally Mann's 'Immediate Family'". Models of Integrity: Art and Law in Post-Sixties America. University of California Press. pp. 163–190. ISBN   978-0-520-29938-2 . Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  16. ↑ Handy, Bruce (1998-03-16). "Beyond The Pale". Time. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  17. ↑ Lane, Frederick S. (2001). Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN   978-0-415-93103-8 . Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  18. ↑ Samaras, Connie (1993). "Feminism, Photography, Censorship, and Sexually Transgressive Imagery: The Work of Robert Mapplethorpe, Joel-Peter Witken, Jacqulyn Livingston, Sally mann and Catherine Obie'". N.Y. L. Sch. L. Rev. 38: 91.
  19. ↑ Gordon, Mary (1996). "Sexualizing Children: Thoughts on Sally Mann". Salmagundi. No. 111. Saratoga Springs.
  20. ↑ Mann, Sally; Gordon, Mary (1997). "An Exchange on 'Sexualizing Children'". Salmagundi. No. 114/115. pp. 228–232. ISSN   0036-3529. JSTOR   40548981.
  21. ↑ Sokolov, Ray (February 6, 1991). "Critique: Censoring Virginia". The Wall Street Journal.
  22. ↑ "Sally Mann". Art21. PBS. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
  23. ↑ Jason Buchanan (2012). "Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann (1993)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.