Immigration policy in Texas

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Trend of Mexican migration to the United States, 1900 - 2016 Trends of Mexican Migration to United States 1900-2016.png
Trend of Mexican migration to the United States, 1900 - 2016

The state of Texas has a long history of immigration and immigration policy. [1] The region that is now Texas was originally home to several Native American tribes. The first European immigrants arrived in the 1600s when the land was colonized by the French and the Spanish. Financial incentives created by the Mexican government brought many immigrants to Mexican Texas in the 1820s, mostly from slaveholding areas in the southern United States. This continued as significant illegal immigration to Mexico after 1830, when American migrants were banned.

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The next wave of immigrants arrived in the mid-1980s, prompted by the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act. [2] By 2022, there were over 5.17 million foreign-born people in the State of Texas. [3]

Immigration is a major topic in American politics and was a key issue for President Donald Trump. Despite a decrease in the rate of immigration, recent policies have attempted to limit immigration to Texas and restrict legal protections for migrants. The United States federal government regulates the international border and has primary enforcement power for immigration law. State and local governments can choose whether to cooperate with federal law enforcement, and what services to provide to legal and illegal immigrants.

History of immigration in Texas

Borders of US states and territories 1850-1853 United States 1850-1853-03.png
Borders of US states and territories 1850-1853

Brief history of Texas

Long before Texas became a state, several Native American tribes lived in the region. The Caddo, Lipan Apache, Karankawa, Jumano, Tonkawa, and Coahuiltecan people were some of the first inhabitants. [4] The land was settled by the French and the Spaniards beginning in the 1600s, and the conquistadors and missionaries who arrived from Europe greatly changed the Native Americans' ways of life. [5] The Spaniards claimed the largest amount of land and significantly influenced the culture of the region, the effects of which are still felt in Texas to this day.

In 1820, Mexico, which included present-day Texas, gained independence from Spain. After significant amounts of legal and illegal immigration from the southern United States generated political instability, Texas then declared independence from Mexico in 1836 and became the Republic of Texas, which was annexed by the United States in 1846 with the main purpose of continuing slavery. [6] As a consequence of Texas leaving Mexico and joining the United States, many Mexican Americans never moved from their homes but lived in two nations, and there is a popular saying among Mexican Americans which states, "We didn't cross the border, the border crossed us." [7] The current border of Texas was not established until the Compromise of 1850.

Background on immigration

Refugee admissions, 1975 - 2019 Refugee Admissions 1975-Present.png
Refugee admissions, 1975 - 2019

The subject of immigration has always been a major issue in the United States and has become increasingly polarized over the last 20 years, with many stances on immigration criticized for being disconnected from their relevant statistics. [8] The federal government of the United States is responsible for setting and enforcing most immigration policies, which determine who may become a new citizen or enter the country as a temporary resident, permanent resident, or refugee. [9] However, states have the power to establish their own supplementary policies, allowing them to determine which public services immigrants can access, establish employee screening requirements, and guide interactions between related state agencies and their federal counterparts. For instance, some Texas jurisdictions have adopted policies that limit their cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. [9] These jurisdictions are known as sanctuary jurisdictions. Once inside the United States legally, immigrants have freedom of movement between the states and may work anywhere if federally authorized (other than employer-specific visas).

Before 1970, Texas mainly attracted migrants who already lived in the United States, known as domestic migrants. Immigrants from Mexico would pass through Texas but would rarely stay [10] and the foreign-born population in Texas hovered around 3%. [11] However, during the 1980s immigration to Texas changed drastically as the state experienced an economic boom in the oil industry, which led more people to settle in the area, especially immigrants from Mexico. [10] The foreign-born population increased to nearly 10% by the end of the decade. [11] The passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986 [10] further encouraged immigrants to settle in Texas. The IRCA bolstered laws prohibiting the hiring of illegal immigrants but also made most of the illegal immigrants living in the United States legal immigrants. Many of those immigrants settled in Texas, [10] bringing the foreign-born population of Texas to almost 17% by 2010. [11]

As of 2022, Texas had a foreign-born population of 5,169,126 people, 63.5% of whom are of Latino origin [3] The state has the second-largest population of immigrants in the United States and the second-highest number of Mexican immigrants in the United States. [8] According to the American Immigration Council, one out of every six Texas residents is an immigrant and 15 percent of residents who are native-born U.S. citizens have at least one parent who is an immigrant. [1] In 2015, over a third of all immigrants in Texas were naturalized U.S. citizens. [1]

More recently, the immigrant population of the U.S. has been growing more slowly and new immigrants are increasingly of Asian descent and more educated than those of previous generations. [8] The Mexican immigrant population has declined by half a million people since the beginning of the decade. [8] [12] In 2018, the United States ceded its status as the world's top country for resettling refugees when it was surpassed by Canada. [8]

Past policies

A map of U.S. states colored by their policy on sanctuary cities. Red: prohibits sanctuary cities. Blue: encourages sanctuary cities. Gray: no statewide policy. U.S. states by sanctuary cities policy.png
A map of U.S. states colored by their policy on sanctuary cities. Red: prohibits sanctuary cities. Blue: encourages sanctuary cities. Gray: no statewide policy.

Sanctuary cities

A sanctuary city is unofficially defined as a jurisdiction within a state that discourages cooperation with the federal government regarding the enforcement of immigration or abortion laws. [13] [14] [15] These non-cooperation policies are enacted in an attempt to reduce fears of deportation and family break-up. For example, local law enforcement officers might refuse to detain non-citizen inmates for an additional 48 hours before releasing them as requested by the federal immigration authorities, in order to hamper the authorities' attempt to take them into federal custody. [16] Multiple jurisdictions and cities in Texas were considered sanctuary cities before being banned by Texas Senate Bill 4. [17]

Tent courts

President Trump established tent courts in the border towns of Brownsville and Laredo in September 2019 [18] in an attempt to process the large number of migrants awaiting a trial. [19] These courts provide shorter commutes for people waiting in Mexico [20] and allow immigration judges in San Antonio to attend hearings virtually. [21] People protested the secrecy surrounding the tent courts because Homeland Security would not allow reporters or the general public inside until January 2020. [22] [23] There were also complaints that people were being deprived of due process in the tent courts. [24]

Present policies

Senate Bill 4

On May 7, 2017, Governor Greg Abbott signed a law that allowed law enforcement officers to ask about a person's immigration status if they had been arrested and detained. [25] [26] The law also banned sanctuary cities in the state [26] [27] and required local law enforcement officers to assist the federal government with immigration enforcement. On August 30, 2017, a judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas approved a temporary injunction that prevented the law from going into effect until several lawsuits were resolved. [28] [29] However, the State of Texas appealed the injunction, and a ruling on September 25, 2017, by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit allowed Senate Bill 4 to remain in effect. [30] Another ruling by the court on March 13, 2018, made an exception for the section of the bill that would punish officials who publicly endorse sanctuary city policies. [31] [32] [33]

On March 19, 2024, the Supreme Court rejected, along liberal-conservative lines, a Biden Administration emergency request to temporarily prevent Texas from arresting migrants and attempting to deport them while the law was being challenged in court. [34] On the same day, the full Fifth Circuit put a stay on enforcement, overturning the ruling of its own three-judge panel. [35] [36]

Ongoing policies

Resettlement of refugees

On January 10, 2020, Governor Greg Abbott declared that Texas would not accept any refugees that year, making it the first state in the country to do so. [37] This decision came after President Donald Trump gave local governments the ability to veto refugee resettlements in September 2019. [38] Governor Abbott claimed that Texas had received more refugees than any other state, stating that 10% of all refugees in the United States had resettled in Texas over the past 10 years. [39] On January 15, 2020, a federal judge blocked the executive order, ruling that individual states do not have the power to deny refugees entry and that doing so is not in the interest of the public. [40] As such, Texas will continue to accept refugees unless the Trump administration chooses to appeal the decision, which it has not done as of January 2020. [41]

Asylum law

Under U.S. federal law, a person seeking asylum must prove that they fear persecution from their native country and that this persecution would be based on race, religion, nationality, political views, or social groups. [42] On January 25, 2018, President Trump passed the Migrant Protection Protocols, commonly known as the "Remain in Mexico" Program, which would send asylum seekers in the United States back to Mexico while they await their hearing. Seven ports of entries have implemented this program, four of which are in Texas: El Paso-Ciudad Juárez, Brownsville-Matamoros, Laredo-Nuevo Laredo, and Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras. [43] The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit halted the program in Arizona and California on March 4, 2020, ruling that the program violates United States law. [20] However, the law remained in effect in the four ports in Texas. [44] On March 11, 2020, the Supreme Court granted a temporary appeal that put a hold on the Ninth Circuit appeal and allowed the "Remain in Mexico" program to continue. [45] [46] A final ruling on the Migrant Protection Protocols Program is pending as of March 2020. [47]

Operation Lone Star

Operation Lone Star (OLS) is a joint operation between the Texas Department of Public Safety and the Texas Military Department along the US-Mexico border of southern Texas. Operation Lone Star has produced a lot of results when it comes to arrests, charges, apprehensions, and drug operations. Operation Lone Star was started in March 2021 by Governor Greg Abbott. The Texas National Guard and Texas Department of Public Safety were deployed to the southern border. Since the launch of Operation Lone Star in Texas:

• Over 494,400 illegal immigrant apprehensions • Over 38,100 criminal arrests • More than 34,600 felony charges • Over 453 million lethal doses of fentanyl seized

Cited from Operation Lone Star Ramps Up Historic Response to Biden’s Border Crisis

Operation Lone Star has received $460,196 for border transportation funding, $55.4 million for border wall funding, and $102,689 for border security funding as of December 8, 2023 (Operation Lone Star). Since April 2022, Texas has transported over 12,500 migrants to Washington, D.C. Since August 2022, over 35,600 were transported to New York City and over 29,400 migrants to Chicago. There were over 3,400 migrants sent to Philadelphia since November 2022, 15,000 to Denver since May 18, and over 1,400 to Los Angeles since June 14 of this year (Operation Lone Star…). Texas has sent migrants to sanctuary cities by bus and by planes. OLS has used over $4.5 million and is facing charges of civil rights abuse (Operation Lone Star: A Costly…). This operation costs Texas taxpayers nearly $20 million a week and is channeling money out of important state programs (Operation Lone Star: A Costly…).

See also

Related Research Articles

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is a federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE's stated mission is to protect the United States from cross-border crime and illegal immigration that threaten national security and public safety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Illegal immigration to the United States</span> Immigration to the United States in violation of US law

Foreign nationals (aliens) can violate US immigration laws by entering the United States unlawfully or lawfully entering but then remaining after the expiration of their visas, parole, or temporary protected status. Illegal immigration has been a matter of intense debate in the United States since the 1980s.

A sanctuary city is a municipality that limits or denies its cooperation with the national government in enforcing immigration law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration detention in the United States</span>

The United States government holds tens of thousands of immigrants in detention under the control of Customs and Border Protection and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 American immigration crisis</span> Surge in immigration along U.S. southern border

The 2014 American immigration crisis was a surge in unaccompanied children and women from the Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) seeking entrance to the United States in 2014. According to U.S. law, an unaccompanied alien child refers to a person under 18 years of age, who has no lawful immigration status in the U.S., and who does not have a legal guardian to provide physical custody and care.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deportation and removal from the United States</span> American legal procedure

Deportation and removal from the United States occurs when the U.S. government orders a person to leave the country. In fiscal year 2014, Immigration and Customs Enforcement conducted 315,943 removals. Criteria for deportations are set out in 8 U.S.C. § 1227.

In United States immigration enforcement, "catch and release" refers to a practice of releasing a migrant to the community while he or she awaits hearings in immigration court, as an alternative to holding them in immigration detention. The migrants whom U.S. immigration enforcement agencies have allowed to remain in the community pending immigrant hearings have been those deemed low risk, such as children, families, and those seeking asylum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Streamline</span>

Operation Streamline is a joint initiative of the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice in the United States, started in 2005, that adopts a "zero-tolerance" approach to unauthorized border-crossing by criminally prosecuting those perpetrating it. Up to 70 people are tried at the same time, sometimes wearing shackles in the courtroom. Entering without inspection is a misdemeanor, and re-entering after deportation is a felony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Migrant crisis</span> Situation resulting from flows of immigrants to a country

Migrant crisis is the intense difficulty, trouble, or danger situation in the receiving state due to the movements of large groups of immigrants escaping from the conditions which negatively affected their situation at the country of origin (departure). The "crisis" situation is not the refugee numbers but the system's failure to respond in an orderly way to the government's legal obligations. Some notable crises are; European migrant crisis, English Channel migrant crisis and World War II evacuation and expulsion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration policy of Donald Trump</span> Policies regarding immigration of the Trump administration

Immigration policy, including illegal immigration to the United States, was a signature issue of former U.S. president Donald Trump's presidential campaign, and his proposed reforms and remarks about this issue generated much publicity. Trump has repeatedly said that illegal immigrants are criminals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trump administration family separation policy</span> Policy intended to deter illegal immigration and to encourage tougher legislation

The United States family separation policy under the Trump administration was presented to the public as a "zero tolerance" approach intended to deter illegal immigration and to encourage tougher legislation. In some cases, families following the legal procedure to apply for asylum at official border crossings were also separated. It was officially adopted across the entire US–Mexico border from April 2018 until June 2018. Under the policy, federal authorities separated children and infants from parents or guardians with whom they had entered the US. The adults were prosecuted and held in federal jails or deported, and the children were placed under the supervision of the US Department of Health and Human Services. More than 5,500 children, including infants, were removed and up to 2,000 still have not been reunited as of March 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy</span>

Protests against the Trump administration family separation policy are a reaction to the Trump administration policy of separating children from their parents or guardians who crossed the U.S. border either illegally or to request asylum, jailing the adults and locating the minors at separate facilities under the care of the Department of Health and Human Services.

Family detention is the detention of multiple family members together in an immigration detention context. In the U.S. they are referred to as family detention camps,family detention centers, or family detention facilities.

The Refugee and Immigrant Center for Education and Legal Services (RAICES) is a nonprofit organization based in Texas that aims to provide legal services for immigrants. As of 2018, it was the largest legal aid group of its kind in Texas. RAICES also runs Casa RAICES, which provides housing for thousands of undocumented immigrants and asylum seekers per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trump administration migrant detentions</span> 2019–2020 political controversy

The Trump administration has detained migrants attempting to enter the United States at the United States–Mexico border. Government reports from the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General in May 2019 and July 2019 found that migrants had been detained under conditions that failed federal standards. These conditions have included prolonged detention, overcrowding, and poor hygiene and food standards. The beginning of the policy is falsely attributed to the Trump administration, beginning in the Presidency of Barack Obama.

Remain in Mexico is a United States immigration policy originally implemented in January 2019 under the administration of President Donald Trump, affecting immigration across the border with Mexico. Administered by the Department of Homeland Security, it requires migrants seeking asylum to remain in Mexico until their US immigration court date.

Federal policy oversees and regulates immigration to the United States and citizenship of the United States. The United States Congress has authority over immigration policy in the United States, and it delegates enforcement to the Department of Homeland Security. Historically, the United States went through a period of loose immigration policy in the early-19th century followed by a period of strict immigration policy in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Policy areas related to the immigration process include visa policy, asylum policy, and naturalization policy. Policy areas related to illegal immigration include deferral policy and removal policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration</span>

Joe Biden's immigration policy is primarily based on reversing many of the immigration policies of the previous Trump administration. During his first day in office, Biden reversed many of Trump's policies on immigration, such as halting the construction of the Mexican border wall, ending Trump's travel ban restricting travel from 14 countries, and an executive order to reaffirm protections for DACA recipients. The Biden administration and Department of Homeland Security, under leadership of Alejandro Mayorkas, dramatically reined in deportation practices of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), prioritizing national security and violent crime concerns over petty and nonviolent offenses. However, Biden has also faced criticism for extending Title 42, a Trump administration border restriction that arose due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as restarting the use of expediting families in Central America, which can cause families to be sent back in weeks, compared to years for an average immigration case. In the fiscal year 2021, the US Border Patrol confirmed more than 1.6 million encounters with migrants along the US-Mexico border, more than quadruple the number in the previous fiscal year and the largest annual total on record. In January 2023, Biden announced a program to strengthen the admission of immigrants from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, while at the same time his administration will crack down on those who fail to use the plan's legal pathway and strengthen border security. In May 2023, the Biden Administration approved sending 1,500 more troops to the U.S.-Mexico border following Title 42's expiration.

A Title 42 expulsion is the removal by the U.S. government of a person who had recently been in a country where a communicable disease was present. The extent of authority for contagion-related expulsions is set out by law in 42 U.S.C. § 265. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration used this provision to generally block land entry for many migrants. This practice was initially continued by the Biden administration before the program was ended with the end of the COVID-19 national emergency in the United States. Title 42 of the United States Code includes numerous sections dealing with public health, social welfare, and civil rights, but, in the context of immigration, the phrase "Title 42" came to be used to refer specifically to expulsions under section 265.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Lone Star</span> 2021 to present Texas border operation

Operation Lone Star (OLS) is a joint operation between the Texas Department of Public Safety and the Texas Military Department along the United States–Mexico border in southern Texas. The operation started in 2021 and is ongoing. According to Texas Governor Greg Abbott, the operation is intended to counter a rise in illegal immigration, the illegal drug trade, and human smuggling. According to the governor's office, OLS has resulted in 503,800 migrant apprehensions, 40,400 criminal arrests, and 469 million doses of fentanyl seized. Between fiscal year 2020 and fiscal year 2021, migrant apprehensions had risen 278% along the US–Mexico border. As of April 2022, OLS was spending approximately $2.5 million per week and was expected to cost approximately $2 billion per year. Approximately 10,000 National Guard members were deployed in support of OLS at the height of the operation, with around 6,000 deployed as of November 2022. One year after the start of Operation Lone Star, Texas saw a 9% increase in migrant encounters along its border with Mexico, compared to a 62% increase in Arizona, California, and New Mexico along their respective borders with Mexico.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Immigrants in Texas". American Immigration Council. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  2. ↑ Orrenius, P. (2016, April). Benefits of immigration outweigh the costs. George W. Bush Presidential Center. https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/north-american-century/benefits-of-immigration-outweigh-costs
  3. 1 2 State Demographics Data - TX. migrationpolicy.org. (2022). https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/demographics/TX
  4. ↑ "The Native American Story | Texas State History Museum". www.thestoryoftexas.com. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  5. ↑ "Texas History Timeline | Texas State History Museum". www.thestoryoftexas.com. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  6. ↑ "Milestones: 1830–1860 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-10.
  7. ↑ Cisneros, Josue David (2013). The border crossed us rhetorics of borders, citizenship, and Latina/o identity. University Alabama Press. ISBN   978-0-8173-8723-5. OCLC   908741943.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Bolter, Jeanne Batalova, Jessica Bolter Jeanne Batalova, Brittany Blizzard, and Jessica (2020-02-12). "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2020-03-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. 1 2 "Immigration in Texas". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Orrenius, Pia M; Zavodny, Madeline; LoPalo, Melissa (November 2013). "Gone to Texas" (PDF). www.dallasfed.org.
  11. 1 2 3 White, Steve; Potter, Lloyd B.; You, Helen; Valencia, Lila; Jordan, Jeffrey A.; Pecotte, Beverly (October 2015). "The Foreign-Born Population in Texas: Sources of Growth" (PDF). demographics.texas.gov.
  12. ↑ S. Passel; Jefrrey D'Vera Cohn; Ana Gonzalez-Barrera (April 23, 2012). "Migration Between the US and Mexico". Pew Research Center.
  13. ↑ Ye Hee Lee, Michelle (September 7, 2016). "What exactly are 'sanctuary cities' in immigration policy?". The Washington Post.
  14. ↑ "Topic Page: Sanctuary Cities". CIS.org. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  15. ↑ Kaur, Harmeet (25 January 2020). "Small towns in Texas are declaring themselves 'sanctuary cities for the unborn'". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  16. ↑ Jay Root; Morgan Smith (2016-01-15). "Jails Refused to Hold Thousands of Immigrants Sought by Feds". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  17. ↑ Shoichet, Catherine E. (9 May 2019). "Florida just banned sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too". CNN. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  18. ↑ "Tent courts set to open on border for US asylum seekers". AP NEWS. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  19. ↑ Fernandez, Manny; Jordan, Miriam; Dickerson, Caitlin (2019-09-12). "The Trump Administration's Latest Experiment on the Border: Tent Courts". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  20. 1 2 Jordan, Miriam (2020-03-04). "Appeals Court Allows 'Remain in Mexico' Policy to Continue Blocking Migrants at the Border". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  21. ↑ Nick Miroff (2019-09-18). "Along Texas border, Trump administration sets up tent courts for virtual asylum hearings". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  22. ↑ Walsh, Reynaldo Leaños Jr; Bri Kirkham; Dominic Anthony (6 January 2020). "Tent Courts For Asylum Seekers Now Open To The Public. Kind Of". www.keranews.org. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  23. ↑ "DHS to Open 'Tent Courts' to Public". CIS.org. January 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  24. ↑ Hackman, Michelle (2019-12-29). "U.S. Opens Immigration 'Tent Courts' to Public". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  25. ↑ Sela Cowger; Muzaffar Chishti; Sarah Pierce; Muzaffar Chishti (2017-05-24). "Texas Leads Resurgence in Restrictive State Actions on Immigration Enforcement". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  26. 1 2 Montgomery, Dave; Fernandez, Manny (2017-05-01). "Texas Immigration Bill Draws Protesters to the State Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  27. ↑ "Texas governor signs bill targeting sanctuary cities". Fox News. 2017-05-07. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  28. ↑ Fernandez, Manny (2017-08-30). "Federal Judge Blocks Texas' Ban on 'Sanctuary Cities'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  29. ↑ City of El Cenizo v. State, vol. 264, August 30, 2017, p. 744, retrieved 2020-04-04
  30. ↑ Aguilar, Julián (2017-09-25). "Appeals court allows more of Texas "sanctuary cities" law to go into effect". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  31. ↑ "Federal appeals court says Texas 'sanctuary cities' law can stand for now". Dallas News. 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  32. ↑ Dedaj, Paulina (2018-03-13). "US appeals court upholds Texas law targeting sanctuary cities". Fox News. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  33. ↑ Note, Recent Case: Fifth Circuit Reverses Injunction of Texas’s Sanctuary Cities Bill, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 1738 (2019)
  34. ↑ Hurley, Lawrence "Supreme Court allows Texas to enforce immigration law" NBC News, March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  35. ↑ Court order puts Texas law allowing police to arrest migrants who cross illegally back on hold
  36. ↑ Sullivan, Becky "What to know about SB 4, the Texas immigration law in the courts now" National Public Radio , March 19, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  37. ↑ Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (2020-01-10). "Texas Governor Shuts State to Refugees, Using New Power Granted by Trump". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  38. ↑ "Executive Order on Enhancing State and Local Involvement in Refugee Resettlement". whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 2020-03-21– via National Archives.
  39. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (10 January 2020). "Gov. Greg Abbott Says New Refugees Won't Be Allowed To Settle In Texas". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  40. ↑ Allyn, Bobby (15 January 2020). "Judge Blocks Trump's Executive Order Allowing Local Officials To Reject Refugees". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  41. ↑ Narea, Nicole (2020-01-17). "A federal judge stopped Texas from ending its refugee program". Vox. Retrieved 2020-03-21.
  42. ↑ "Guides: Immigration Law: Refugees & Asylum Seekers". guides.sll.texas.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  43. ↑ Aguilar, Julián (2019-10-29). "Trump's controversial "remain in Mexico" immigration policy expands along Texas' southern border". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  44. ↑ "'Remain In Mexico': Looking At The Policy's Impact On Asylum-Seekers At The Border". www.wbur.org. Retrieved 2020-03-20.
  45. ↑ "Supreme Court keeps in place Trump's 'Remain in Mexico' asylum constraints". Los Angeles Times. 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  46. ↑ Romo, Vanessa (11 March 2020). "U.S. Supreme Court Allows 'Remain In Mexico' Program To Continue". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  47. ↑ Liptak, Adam; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (2020-03-11). "Supreme Court Revives 'Remain in Mexico' Policy for Asylum Seekers". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-04-04.
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