The Indonesian Spelling System (Indonesian : Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Indonesian : Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI) is the spelling system used for the Indonesian language. It was formerly known as the Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language (Indonesian : Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD). The system is an orthography released in 1972 to replace the Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). The aim of the change in 1972 was introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies.
An joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar New Rumi Spelling system), the adoption of the new EYD system, to begin on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day. [1] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes proposed in the new system and marked the official use of EYD system. [2]
Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
Changes | Republican | EYD | English meaning |
---|---|---|---|
/tʃ/: tj becomes c | tjuma, katjang | cuma, kacang | only, peanuts |
/dʒ/: dj becomes j | djual, edjaan | jual, ejaan | sell, spelling |
/j/: j becomes y | ajam, pajung | ayam, payung | chicken, umbrella |
/ɲ/: nj becomes ny | njonja, banjak | nyonya, banyak | madam, many |
/ʃ/: sj becomes sy | sjair, masjarakat | syair, masyarakat | poem, people |
/x/: ch becomes kh | tarich, achir | tarikh, akhir | era, end |
Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling. [6]
Letters | Example | English meaning |
---|---|---|
f | maaf, fakir | (I am) sorry, poor |
v | valuta, universitas | currency, university |
z | zeni, lezat | engineer, delicious |
The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects. [6] Examples:
The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects. [7] [8] Examples:
The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (is being taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it. [6]
Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid. [6] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.
Republican | EYD | English meaning |
---|---|---|
anak² | anak-anak | children |
ber-main² | bermain-main | to play around |
ke-barat²-an | kebarat-baratan | westernized |
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