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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an aerobic, nonfermentative, Gram-negative bacterium. It is an uncommon bacterium and human infection is difficult to treat. Initially classified as Bacterium bookeri, then renamed Pseudomonas maltophilia, S. maltophilia was also grouped in the genus Xanthomonas before eventually becoming the type species of the genus Stenotrophomonas in 1993.
Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and water environments and may also be associated with plants and animals, particularly as a human pathogen. It is one of over 20 species in the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and is notable due to its virulence factors and inherent antibiotic resistance that render it a prominent opportunistic pathogen responsible for life-threatening, nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients, such as those with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease. The quorum sensing systems CepIR and CciIR regulate the formation of biofilms and the expression of virulence factors such as siderophores and proteases. Burkholderia cenocepacia may also cause disease in plants, such as in onions and bananas. Additionally, some strains serve as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.
Acrophialophora fusispora is a poorly studied ascomycete fungus found in soil, air and various plants. A. fusispora is morphologically similar to the genera Paecilomyces and Masonia, but differ in the presence of pigmented conidiophores, verticillate phialides, and frequent sympodial proliferation. Moreover, A. fusispora is distinguished by its pigmented spindle-shaped conidia, covered with spiral bands. The fungus is naturally found in soils of tropical to temperate regions. The fungus has been identified as a plant and animal pathogen, and has recently been recognized as an emerging opportunistic human pathogen. A. fusispora infection in human is rare and has few documented clinical cases, but due to the rarity of the fungus and potential misidentification, the infections may be underdiagnosed. Clinical cases of A. fusispora include cases of keratitis, pulmonary colonization and infection, and cerebral infections. The fungus also has two documented cases of infection in dogs.
Rickettsia typhi is a small, aerobic, obligate intracellular, rod shaped gram negative bacterium. It belongs to the typhus group of the Rickettsia genus, along with R. prowazekii. R. typhi has an uncertain history, as it may have long gone shadowed by epidemic typhus. This bacterium is recognized as a biocontainment level 2/3 organism. R. typhi is a flea-borne disease that is best known to be the causative agent for the disease murine typhus, which is an endemic typhus in humans that is distributed worldwide. As with all rickettsial organisms, R. typhi is a zoonotic agent that causes the disease murine typhus, displaying non-specific mild symptoms of fevers, headaches, pains and rashes. There are two cycles of R. typhi transmission from animal reservoirs containing R. typhi to humans: a classic rat-flea-rat cycle that is most well studied and common, and a secondary periodomestic cycle that could involve cats, dogs, opossums, sheep, and their fleas.
Streptococcus intermedius is an aerotolerant anaerobic commensal bacterium and a member of the Streptococcus anginosus group. The S. anginosus group, occasionally termed “Streptococcus milleri group” (SMG) display hemolytic and serologic diversity, yet share core physiological traits. Though the three members of the SMG are phenotypically diverse, one common trait they share is the mechanism of producing the metabolite diacetyl, which contributes to generating a signature caramel odor. Despite being commensal organisms, members of the S. anginosus group display wide pathogenic potential. S. intermedius has been isolated from patients with periodontitis and fatal purulent infections, especially brain and liver abscesses.
Brachyspira aalborgi is a species of bacteria, one of the causative agents of intestinal spirochetosis. Its cells are anaerobic, sigmoidal with tapered ends, 2 to 6 μm long. Four flagella are inserted at each end of the cells. The maximal cell width is about 0.2 μm. The type strain is 513A.
Escherichia albertii is a Gram-negative species of bacteria within the same genus as E. coli. It was recognised to cause disease after being isolated from the stools of children with diarrhea in Bangladesh, and was originally thought to be Hafnia alvei based on biochemical assays. The bacterium was reclassified in 2003 as a novel species based on its genetic features, and was named E. albertii in honour of the microbiologist who first described the species. E. albertii differs from typical E. coli in being nonmotile and unable to ferment lactose.
Helicobacter pullorum is a bacterium in the Helicobacteraceae family, Campylobacterales order. It was isolated from the liver, duodenum, and caecum of broiler and layer chickens, and from humans with gastroenteritis. It is a nongastric urease-negative Helicobacter species colonizing the lower bowel.
Lautropia mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile bacterium of the genus Lautropia and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated from the mouth of children who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Enterococcus hirae is a species of Enterococcus. Its type strain is NCDO 1258. It is involved in growth depression in young chickens and endocarditis and sepsis in humans.
Bartonella alsatica is a bacterium. Like other Bartonella species, it can cause disease in animals. It is small, aerobic, oxidase-negative, and Gram-negative. Its rod-like cells were localized within wild rabbit erythrocytes when first described. The type strain is IBS 382T. It is associated with cases of lymphadenitis and endocarditis.
Rickettsia heilongjiangensis is a species of gram negative Alphaproteobacteria, within the spotted fever group, being carried by ticks. It is pathogenic.
Rothia aeria is a Gram-positive bacterium.
Nakaseomyces bracarensis is an anamorphic yeast species with type strain 153MT.
Claire E. Wainwright is a paediatric respiratory physician and professor of pediatrics, residing and working in Queensland. She commenced her medical training in London and completed her specialist training at the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane. She is now head of the Cystic Fibrosis Service at the Queensland Children's Hospital and a professor of pediatric medicine at the University of Queensland, Australia. Wainwright has published numerous academic papers focusing upon her main area of interest; the impacts of fungal infections upon children with cystic fibrosis. However, her interests also expand to include other airway complications within children.
Corynebacterium xerosis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium in the genus Corynebacterium. Although it is frequently a harmless commensal organism living on the skin and mucus membranes, C. xerosis is also a clinically-relevant opportunistic pathogen that has been attributed to a number of different infections in animals and humans. However, its actual prominence in human medicine is up for debate due to early difficulties distinguishing it from other Corynebacterium species in clinical isolates.
Corynebacterium striatum is a bacterium that is a member of the Corynebacterium genus. It is classified as non-diphtheritic. The bacterium is a gram-positive prokaryote that assumes a 'club-like' morphology, more formally known as a corynebacteria structure. It is non-lipophilic and undergoes aerobic respiration and is also a facultative anaerobe it is catalase negative and oxidase positive glucose and sucrose fermenter.
Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans is a yeast species purportedly useful in the detoxification of various mycotoxins. It was first isolated from the hindgut of the termite Mastotermes darwiniensis. It has been shown to detoxify mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A and zearalenone. It can occasionally become a human pathogen.
Apiotrichum is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosporonaceae. Species are only known from their yeast states, most of which were formerly referred to the genus Trichosporon. Twenty species have been described worldwide. Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans is an occasional human pathogen.
Neoehrlichiosis is a disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Neoehrlichia mikurensis. It usually presents with symptoms such as fever and vascular complications of unclear origin, e.g., thromboembolisms.
References
- ↑ Coenye, T.; Goris, J.; Spilker, T.; Vandamme, P.; LiPuma, J. J. (2002). "Characterization of Unusual Bacteria Isolated from Respiratory Secretions of Cystic Fibrosis Patients and Description of Inquilinus limosus gen. nov., sp. nov". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (6): 2062–2069. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.6.2062-2069.2002. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 130740 . PMID 12037065.
- ↑ Bittar, Fadi; Leydier, Anne; Bosdure, Emmanuelle; Toro, Alexandre; Reynaud-Gaubert, Martine; Boniface, Stéphanie; Stremler, Nathalie; Dubus, Jean-Christophe; Sarles, Jacques; Raoult, Didier; Rolain, Jean-Marc (2008). "Inquilinus limosus and Cystic Fibrosis". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (6): 993–995. doi:10.3201/eid1406.071355. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2600277 . PMID 18507928.
- ↑ Chiron, R.; Marchandin, H.; Counil, F.; Jumas-Bilak, E.; Freydiere, A.-M.; Bellon, G.; Husson, M.-O.; Turck, D.; Bremont, F.; Chabanon, G.; Segonds, C. (2005). "Clinical and Microbiological Features of Inquilinus sp. Isolates from Five Patients with Cystic Fibrosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (8): 3938–3943. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.8.3938-3943.2005. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 1233925 . PMID 16081934.
- ↑ Wellinghausen N, Essig A, Sommerburg O (March 2005). "Inquilinus limosus in patients with cystic fibrosis, Germany". Emerging Infectious Diseases . 11 (3): 457–9. doi:10.3201/eid1103.041078. PMC 3298263 . PMID 15757565.
- ↑ Salvador-García C, Yagüe-Guirao G, Pastor-Vivero MD, Sáez-Nieto JA (2013). "Chronic colonization of Inquilinus limosus in a patient with cystic fibrosis: First report in Spain". Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica . 31 (6): 414–5. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2012.11.013. PMID 23352213.
