Sultan is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun سلطة sulṭah, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty without claiming the overall caliphate, or to refer to a powerful governor of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the state and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a sultanate.
The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526). Following the invasion of South Asia by the Ghurid dynasty, five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal.
Yaqut, sometimes transliterated Yāḳūt or Yācūt, is the Arabic word for ruby. As a personal name, it may refer to:
Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din, popularly known as Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first female Muslim ruler of the subcontinent, and the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.
Shams ud-Din Iltutmish was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus considered the effective founder of the Delhi Sultanate.
The Mamluk dynasty, also known as Slave dynasty, was a dynasty which ruled Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290. It was the first of five largely unrelated dynasties to rule the Delhi Sultanate until 1526. Before the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty, Qutb al-Din Aibak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator lasted from 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led forays into the Gangetic plain and established control over some of the new areas.
The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was the second dynasty which ruled the Delhi sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent for nearly three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji.
Jalal-ud-Din Khalji, also known as Firuz al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.
Ghiyas ud din Balban was the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi.
Rukn-ud-din Firuz, also transliterated as Rukn al-Din Firoz, was a ruler of Delhi sultanate for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the Badaun and Lahore provinces of the Sultanate. He ascended the throne after the death of his father Iltutmish, a powerful Mamluk ruler who had established the Sultanate as the most powerful kingdom in northern India. However, Ruknuddin spent his time in pursuing pleasure, and left his mother Shah Turkan in control of the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother, both of whom were arrested and imprisoned. The nobles and the army subsequently appointed his half-sister Razia on the throne.
Muiz ud-Din Bahram was the sixth sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty.
Muiz ud din Qaiqabad was the tenth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty. He was the son of Bughra Khan the Independent sultan of Bengal, as well as grandson of Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286).
Shams ud-Din Kayumars, also known by his regnal name, Shamsuddin II was a son of Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, the eleventh sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.
Jamal ad-Din, Jamal ud-Din or Jamal al-Din, meaning 'Beauty of the Faith', is a male Muslim name formed from the elements Jamal and ad-Din. In Egyptian pronunciation it appears as Gamal el-Din or in similar forms. In Bosnian usage it is usually written Džemaludin. It may also refer to:
Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha or Kaba-cha was the Muslim governor of Multan, appointed by the Ghurid ruler Muhammad Ghori in 1203.
Mercenaries in India were fighters, primarily peasants, who came from India and abroad, to fight for local rulers in India in the medieval period. This mercenary work became an important source of income for some communities.
Malik Ikhtiyar-ud-din Altunia was the governor of Bathinda in (Punjab) under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk dynasty. He was the husband of Razia Sultana.
Yakut is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Razia Sultan was an Indian period drama serial which aired on &TV from 6 March 2015. The main role of empress Razia Sultana was played by Pankhuri Awasthy Rode. The serial is about Razia Sultan, the only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. It talks about a young lady and her dilemmas with everyday life. The serial was introduced by Shah Rukh Khan as Sutradhar. The song titled Mere Maula of the serial was sung by Supriya Joshi.
Turkic peoples have historically been associated as one of the non-indigenous peoples to have ruled areas of India and the Indian subcontinent. Although modern day Turks in India are very small in number, and are likely recent immigrants from Turkey. In the 1961 census, 58 people stated that their mother tongue was Turkish. According to the 2001 census, 126 residents of India stated their place of birth as Turkey. In a state visit during early 2010, Prime Minister Abdullah Gül of Turkey met Turkish expatriates living in India and handed out Hindi-Turkish dictionaries to Turkish students in New Delhi.
