Notes and references
Related Research Articles
Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who ruled c. 1332 – 1323 BC during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. Born Tutankhaten, he was likely a son of Akhenaten, thought to be the KV55 mummy. His mother was identified through DNA testing as The Younger Lady buried in KV35; she was a full sister of her husband.
Nefertiti was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for their radical overhaul of state religious policy, in which they promoted the earliest known form of monotheism, Atenism, centered on the sun disc and its direct connection to the royal household. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history. After her husband's death, some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as the female king known by the throne name, Neferneferuaten and before the ascension of Tutankhamun, although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate. If Nefertiti did rule as Pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.
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Zahi Abass Hawass is an Egyptian archaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, serving twice. He has also worked at archaeological sites in the Nile Delta, the Western Desert and the Upper Nile Valley.
Smenkhkare was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of unknown background who lived and ruled during the Amarna Period of the 18th Dynasty. Smenkhkare was husband to Meritaten, the daughter of his likely co-regent, Akhenaten. Since the Amarna period was subject to a large-scale condemnation of memory by later pharaohs, very little can be said of Smenkhkare with certainty, and he has hence been subject to immense speculation.
Kiya was one of the wives of the Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten. Little is known about her, and her actions and roles are poorly documented in the historical record, in contrast to those of Akhenaten's 'Great royal wife', Nefertiti. Her unusual name suggests that she may originally have been a Mitanni princess. Surviving evidence demonstrates that Kiya was an important figure at Akhenaten's court during the middle years of his reign, when she had a daughter with him. She disappears from history a few years before her royal husband's death. In previous years, she was thought to be mother of Tutankhamun, but recent DNA evidence suggests this is unlikely.
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Tomb KV60 is an ancient Egyptian tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. It was discovered by Howard Carter in 1903, and re-excavated by Donald P. Ryan in 1989. It is one of the more perplexing tombs of the Theban Necropolis, due to the uncertainty over the identity of one female mummy found there (KV60A). She is identified by some, such as Egyptologist Elizabeth Thomas, to be that of the Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Hatshepsut; this identification is advocated for by Zahi Hawass.
Tomb KV35 is the tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep II located in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt. Later, it was used as a cache for other royal mummies. It was discovered by Victor Loret in March 1898.
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Donald P. Ryan is an American archaeologist, Egyptologist, writer and a member of the Division of Humanities at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington. His areas of research interest include Egyptian archaeology, Polynesian archaeology, the history of archaeology, the history of exploration, ancient languages and scripts, and experimental archaeology. He is best known for his research in Egypt including excavations in the Valley of the Kings where he investigated the long-neglected undecorated tombs in the royal cemetery. His work there resulted in the rediscovery of the lost and controversial tomb KV60, the re-opening of the long-buried KV21 with its two female and likely royal occupants, and the re-excavation of tombs KV27, KV28, KV44, KV45, KV48, KV49 along with work in KV20. In 2017, he rediscovered three small tombs in the Valley of the Kings which when first encountered in 1906 contained the mummies of animals including a dog and monkeys.
The curse of the pharaohs or the mummy's curse is a curse alleged to be cast upon anyone who disturbs the mummy of an ancient Egyptian, especially a pharaoh. This curse, which does not differentiate between thieves and archaeologists, is claimed to cause bad luck, illness, or death. Since the mid-20th century, many authors and documentaries have argued that the curse is 'real' in the sense of having scientifically explicable causes such as bacteria, fungi or radiation. However, the modern origins of Egyptian mummy curse tales, their development primarily in European cultures, the shift from magic to science to explain curses, and their changing uses—from condemning disturbance of the dead to entertaining horror film audiences—suggest that Egyptian curses are primarily a cultural, not scientific, phenomenon.
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The Younger Lady is the informal name given to an ancient Egyptian mummy discovered within tomb KV35 in the Valley of the Kings by archaeologist Victor Loret in 1898. The mummy also has been given the designation KV35YL and 61072, and currently resides in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Through recent DNA tests, this mummy has been identified as the mother of the pharaoh Tutankhamun and a daughter of pharaoh Amenhotep III and his Great Royal Wife Tiye. Early speculation that this mummy was the remains of Nefertiti was argued to be incorrect, as nowhere is Nefertiti accorded the title "King's daughter."
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The mask of Tutankhamun is a gold funerary mask of the 18th-dynasty ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun. After being buried for over 3,000 years, it was excavated by Howard Carter in 1925 from tomb KV62 in the Valley of the Kings. It has been displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo from 1925 to present. The death mask is one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt.
The archaeology of Ancient Egypt is the study of the archaeology of Egypt, stretching from prehistory through three millennia of documented history. Egyptian archaeology is one of the branches of Egyptology.
Aten, properly called The Dazzling Aten though dubbed initially by archaeologists the Rise of Aten, is the remains of an ancient Egyptian city on the west bank of the Nile in the Theban Necropolis near Luxor. Named after Egyptian sun god Aten, the city appears to have remained relatively intact for over three millennia. Since excavation began in late 2020, it is emerging as the largest city of its kind in ancient Egypt, with a remarkable degree of preservation, leading to comparisons with Pompeii.
References
- ↑ "Weekend birthdays". The Guardian . 30 August 2014. p. 55.
- ↑ Date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF) .
- 1 2 "College return for Dr Joann Fletcher". Barnsley.ac.uk. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ↑ "Professor Joann Fletcher". Department of Archaeology. University of York. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ↑ Fletcher, Amy Joann (1995). Ancient Egyptian hair: a study in style, form and function. E-Thesis Online Service (Ph.D). The British Library. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ↑ Local Ambassador Programme, Egypt Exploration Society. Retrieved 16 January 2021
- ↑ "Daily Life in Ancient Egypt". 21 January 2014.
- ↑ "Wigan museum gallery named after York staff". University of York. 10 October 2016.
- ↑ "York Joann".
- ↑ "Ancient Egypt exhibition pulls in the crowds". Barnsley Museums and Heritage Trust. 12 March 2018.
- ↑ "Museum's final resting place for modern mummy".
- ↑ "Joann Fletcher – Archaeology, The University of York". University of York. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ↑ "/ "Stephen Buckley – Archaeology, The University of York". University of York. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
- ↑ Hawass, Zahi; Gad, Y. Z.; Ismail, S.; Khairat, R.; Fathalla, D.; Hasan, N.; Ahmed, A.; Elleithy, H.; Ball, M.; Gaballah, F.; Wasef, S.; Fateen, M.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Selim, A.; Zink, A.; Pusch, C. M. (2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family". JAMA. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872.
- 1 2 Mark Rose, "Where's Nefertiti?", Archaeology, 16 September 2004.
- ↑ "In the news: Joann Fletcher | Times Higher Education (THE)". Times Higher Education. 29 August 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2016.(subscription required)
- ↑ "History – Ancient History in depth: The End of the Amarna Period". BBC. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ↑ Rose, Mark (16 February 2010). "Tut: Disease and DNA News – Archaeology Magazine Archive". Archaeology.org. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
- ↑ Ian Parker, "The Pharaoh: Is Zahi Hawass bad for Egyptology?", The New Yorker , 16 November 2009.
- ↑ "Neolithic axe head in new museum Experience Barnsley". BBC. 27 June 2013.
- ↑ "Watson, Fletcher, Blashford-Snell".
- ↑ "The amazing history of Egypt". HistoryExtra. 7 January 2016.
- ↑ "Fact Not Fiction".
- ↑ "Dawn French, Wilfred Frost, Professor Joann Fletcher, Nikita Salmon". Midweek. BBC.
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 – Radio 4 in Four, Were the Ancient Egyptians really that advanced?". BBC. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "BBC World Service – The Forum, Symbols, Signs, and Secrets. What symbols tell us about ourselves". BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 – A Good Read, Joann Fletcher and Damian Barr". BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "What's it like to be a female historian in the 21st century?". HistoryExtra. Retrieved 7 July 2020. Video: women in history panel discussion
- ↑ "Introduction to The Egypt Centre, Swansea". www.youtube.com. 15 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Archaeology Professors Play: Assassin's Creed: Origins". Facebook . Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "Live with The Apprentice icon Margaret Mountford and TV Egyptologist Joanne Fletcher". Facebook . Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ↑ "BBC One – North West Tonight, Evening News, 21/09/2018". BBC. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
