Joel 2

Joel 2
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Leningrad Codex (1008 CE) contains the complete copy of Book of Joel in Hebrew.
Book	Book of Joel
Category	Nevi'im
Christian Bible part	Old Testament
Order in the Christian part	29

Joel 2 is the second chapter of the Book of Joel in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. ^{[1] [2]} This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Joel from the seventh century BCE, ^[3] and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets. ^{[4] [5]} This chapter contains the allusions to "the Day of the LORD" as an awesome and terrifying manifestation of God and his army, described as locusts, followed by "thick darkness" with "the sun turned to darkness and the moon to blood" and other terrible signs. ^[6]

Text

The original text was written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 32 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (10th century), Codex Leningradensis (1008). ^[7] Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q78 (4QXII^c; 75–50 BCE) with extant verses 1, 8–23; ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} 4Q82 (4QXII^g; 25 BCE) with extant verses 2–13; ^{[12] [9] [13] [14]} and Wadi Murabba'at Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extand verses 20, 26–27, 28–32 (verses 28–32 = 3:1–5 in Masoretic Text). ^{[9] [15]}

Ancient manuscripts in Koine Greek containing this chapter are mainly of the Septuagint version, including Codex Vaticanus (B; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}$^Q; 6th century). ^[16]

Chapter and verse numbering

The division of chapters and verses in the English Bibles (following Greek translations) differ from the traditional Hebrew text, as follows: ^[17]

English/Greek	Hebrew
Joel 2:1–27	Joel 2:1–27
Joel 2:28–32	Joel 3:1–5
Joel 3:1–21	Joel 4:1–21

The locust plague, an act of God (2:1–11)

It gives the "image of the dense locust cloud" accompanying God's coming. ^[18]

A call to repent (2:12–17)

The Lord calls the people to repentance, so the calamity could be averted. ^[18]

An oracle of salvation (2:18–27)

The announcement of God's promises for the "remission of the plague" (verses 20, 25), "the return of fertility" (verses 19, 21–24), "the removal of shame" (verses 26–27), and "the restoration of the covenantal blessing" (verses 26–27). ^[19]

Verse 25

So I will restore to you the years that the swarming locust has eaten,
The crawling locust,
The consuming locust,
And the chewing locust,
My great army which I sent among you. ^[20]

Cross reference: Joel 1:4

Exact identity of these locusts is unknown, whether they represents "four varieties of insect" or "four various stages in the insect development" or "vernacular differences". ^[3]

Hebrew; transliteration	English	Appearance in Hebrew Bible	Other Bible verses
גזם, gā·zām	chewing locust; gnawing locust; palmerworm; caterpillar	3	Joel 1:4; Amos 4:9
ארבה, 'ar·beh	swarming locust; locusts; grasshoppers	24	Exodus 10:4, 12–14, 19 ; Leviticus 11:22 ; Deuteronomy 28:38 ; Judges 6:5; 7:12 ; 1 Kings 8:37 ; 2 Chronicles 6:28 ; Job 39:20 ; Psalm 78:46; 105:34; 109:23 ; Proverb 30:27 ; Jeremiah 46:23 ; Joel 1:4; Nahum 3:15, 17
ילק, yā·leq	crawling locust; creeping locust ; locusts; young locusts; cankerworm	9	Psalm 105:34 ; Jeremiah 51:14, 27 ; Joel 1:4; Nahum 3:15, 16
חסיל, khā·sîl	consuming locust; stripping locust; caterpillar; grasshopper	6	1 Kings 8:37 ; 2 Chronicles 6:28 ; Psalm 78:46 ; Isaiah 33:4 ; Joel 1:4

The Day of the Lord: The faithful are delivered (2:28–32; 3:1–5 in Masoretic Text)

The section extends to chapter 3, dealing with the Day of the Lord which brings the deliverance and the ultimate vindication of God's people in Judah. ^[21]

Verse 28

And it shall come to pass afterward
That I will pour out My Spirit on all flesh;
Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
Your old men shall dream dreams,
Your young men shall see visions.<ref> Joel 2:28 NKJV</ref>

Verse 29

And also on My menservants and on My maidservants
I will pour out My Spirit in those days.<ref> Joel 2:29 NKJV</ref>

Verse 30

And I will show wonders in the heavens and in the earth:
Blood and fire and pillars of smoke.<ref> Joel 2:30 NKJV</ref>

Verse 31

The sun shall be turned into darkness,
And the moon into blood,
Before the coming of the great and awesome day of the Lord.<ref> Joel 2:31 NKJV</ref>

The imagery of judgment day in verses 30–31 influences New Testament's descriptions in Mark 13:24 and Revelation 6:12. ^[21]

Verse 32

And it shall come to pass
That whoever calls on the name of the Lord
Shall be saved.
For in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem there shall be deliverance,
As the Lord has said,
Among the remnant whom the Lord calls.<ref> Joel 2:32 NKJV</ref>

Cross reference for verse 28–32: Acts 2:16–21

On the day of Pentecost, 50 days after the resurrection of Jesus, Apostle Peter stood up with the eleven and proclaimed to the crowd that miraculous events happened on that day were the fulfillment of the prophecy of Joel: "I will pour out my spirit". ^[22] In Acts 2:17, it reads: "'And in the last days,' God says, 'I will pour out my spirit upon every sort of flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will see visions and your old men will dream dreams." ^[23] He also mentions (Acts 2:15) that it was the third hour of the day (about 9:00 am). Acts 2:41 then reports: "Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls." ^[24] Paul the Apostle quotes this verse in Romans 10:13, "transferring the reference to the Messianic advent", to describe the universality of Jesus' deliverance without difference between Jew and Greek, that is, "salvation for all who call upon the name of the Lord", to become "citizens of Zion". ^[23]

See also

• Joel 2:25 International
• Pentecost
• Simon Peter
• Related Bible parts: Psalm 51, Joel 1, Matthew 24, Acts 2, Acts 10, 1 Corinthians 14, Revelation 6

References

1. Collins 2014.
2. Hayes 2015.
3. Keller 2007, p. 579.
4. Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
5. Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
6. Keller 2007, pp. 578–579.
7. Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
8. Ulrich 2010, p. 600.
9. Dead sea scrolls – Joel
10. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
11. 4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
12. Ulrich 2010, p. 599.
13. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
14. 4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
15. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 140–141.
16. Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
17. Kee, Howard Clark; Meyers, Eric M.; Rogerson, John; Levine, Amy-Jill; Saldarini, Anthony J. (2008). Chilton, Bruce (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (2, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN   978-0521691406.
18. Coogan 2007, p. 1297 Hebrew Bible.
19. Coogan 2007, p. 1298 Hebrew Bible.
20. Joel 2:25 NKJV
21. Coogan 2007, p. 1299 Hebrew Bible.
22. "Joel 2:28–29". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
23. Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Joel 2. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905–1906]. OCLC   929526708. Diakses 2018.
24. "Acts 2:41". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2013-12-21.

Sources

• Collins, John J. (2014). Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. ISBN   9781451469233.
• Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0195288810.
• Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN   978-0802862419.
• Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0300188271.
• Keller, Carl-A. (2007). "28. Joel". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 578–581. ISBN   978-0199277186 . Retrieved February 6, 2019.
• Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
• Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN   0-8028-0788-7 . Retrieved January 26, 2019.

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Joel

Look up Joel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Jewish translations:
  • Yoel – Joel chapter 2 and chapter 3 (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
  • Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• Joel public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions