Joint Interagency Task Force West

Last updated
Joint Interagency Task Force West
Seal of Joint Interagency Task Force West.png
Founded10 February 1989;35 years ago (1989-02-10)
CountryFlag of the United States.svg United States
Type Joint task force
Headquarters Camp H.M. Smith, Hawai'i
Nickname(s)JIATF West, JIATF-W
Decorations Joint Meritorious Unit Award (3) Streamer JMUA.PNG
Website http://www.pacom.mil/JIATFW.aspx
Commanders
DirectorRear Admiral Bob Little, USCG
Deputy DirectorMr. James J. Ink
Chief of StaffCaptain Darrell W. Brown, USN

Joint Interagency Task Force West (JIATF-W or JIATF West) is a standing United States military joint task force with the mission of combating drug-related transnational organized crime in the Indo-Asia-Pacific. JIATF West's area of responsibility (AOR) is that of United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM). JIATF West is one of two Joint Interagency Task Forces with a counter-narcotics mission. The other is Joint Interagency Task Force South. The task force is run as USINDOPACOM's "executive agent" for counterdrug activities providing support to partner nation law enforcement. Approximately 100 active duty and reserve U.S. military forces; Department of Defense civilian employees; contractors; and U.S. and foreign law enforcement agency personnel are members of the task force.

Contents

As part of the 2021 Defense Wide Review (DWR) JIATF West was slated for deactivation by FY23. The Senate Armed Services Committee raised concerns with the DWR decision, directing in their conference report of the FY20 NDAA the Secretary of Defense report not later than 180 days after enactment of the NDAA a plan for meeting those continuing roles and responsibilities in the USINDOPACOM AOR through either the continued operation of JIATF West or another mechanism. The committee noted, in part, “ . . . is concerned that the Department of Defense is planning to disestablish JIATF West by fiscal year 2023  . . . furthermore, the committee notes that pre-cursor chemicals used in the production of deadly drugs like synthetic heroin and methamphetamine that threaten the health and safety of American citizens and others around the world originate in and are trafficked from the Indo-Pacific Command area of responsibility.” In April 2022, Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin signed a memorandum reversing the 2021 DWR decision to deactivate JIATF West.

The Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs of the United States Department of State describes the task force's mission as to "in cooperation with U.S. interagency and foreign partners, conduct activities to detect, disrupt, and dismantle drug-related transnational threats in Asia and the Pacific in order to protect U.S. security interests at home and abroad."

JIATF West lists its "task force partners" as including the U.S. Army, Navy, Marines, Air Force, and Coast Guard; the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA), Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS); United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE); and the Australian Customs Service, Australian Federal Police, and New Zealand Police.

The current Director of the Task Force as of 12 July 2023 is Rear Admiral Bob Little, USCG.

Mission

Joint Interagency Task Force West executes Department of Defense counterdrug activities on behalf of Commander, U.S. Pacific Command to both defend the Homeland and stabilize the theater by hardening the environment against the growth of transnational crime and disrupting transnational criminal organizations that threaten U.S. interests. [1]

History

JIATF West was first established in 1989 as Joint Task Force-Five (JTF-5). Originally headquartered on Coast Guard Island in Alameda, California; JTF-5 was created under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1989. Title 10 of the U.S. Code Section 124 was signed into law on 19 November 1989 establishing the Department of Defense as the lead agency for the Detection and Monitoring (D&M) of maritime and aerial drug trafficking into the United States directing the DoD to support of U.S. Law Enforcement counterdrug efforts. [2] Additionally, Joint Task Forces Four (JTF-4), Five (JTF-5), and Six (JTF-6) were activated by the department in early calendar year 1989 to carry out this D&M mission. The mission of this group of task forces was soon expanded by Section 1004 of the 1991 National Defense Authorization Act to include ten additional specific categories of support that the department could provide to law enforcement agencies. [3] This authority is in addition to the already assigned mission of D&M and has been continuously re-authorized since 1991.

On 3 November 1993 President Bill Clinton signed Presidential Decision Directive 14 (PDD-14); this prompted the eventual re-designation of all three JTF counterdrug units to become Joint Interagency Task Force units. [4] On 7 April 1994 Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, Dr. Lee Brown, signed the National Interdiction Command and Control Plan (NICCP); re-designating JTF-5 in Alameda, CA, as Joint Interagency Task Force West with continued responsibility for the Pacific. JTF-4 was re-designated as JIATF East and given responsibility for the Caribbean (in 1999, JIATF East absorbed JIATF South missions which had been executed from US Southern Command in Quarry Heights Panama. In 2003, JIATF East was renamed JIATF South to reflect their status as a SOUTHCOM component). [5] Joint Task Force 6 remained as JTF-6 and maintained responsibility for the Mexico – United States border

In 2004, JIATF West relocated to Camp H. M. Smith in Hawaii, collocating with Commander, United States Pacific Command. In addition to moving, JIATF West restructured and refocused its efforts from a D&M mission to one designed to support partner nation counterdrug law enforcement efforts against transnational crime.

Counter-drug focus

JIATF West's primary counterdrug focus is on stopping the illicit use of precursor chemicals used to manufacture methamphetamine and amphetamine type stimulants (ATS). [6] The illicit use of precursor chemicals is viewed as a double threat, one from the devastating social impact of drug addiction and the second from the funding of terrorism. According to the testimony of Adm. Samuel J. Locklear, USN, before the Senate Armed Services Committee on 16 April 2015, transnational criminal organizations operating as global enterprises use the revenue generated from the illicit activities of drug trafficking to fund terrorist and violent extremist organizations. [7]

Since 2009, JIATF West has assisted in seizing over 1,500 tons of precursor chemicals. [8] According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in 2012, 80 percent of the meth in the United States is made in Mexico mainly using ingredients manufactured in China and shipped across the Pacific. [8]

The 2015 National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS) section 6.1.D. “Coordinate with Global Partners to Prevent Synthetic Drug Production and Precursor Chemical Diversion” describes how access to precursor chemicals continues to challenge the U.S. and international drug efforts, and that JIATF West, with interagency partners such as the DEA, will to continue to help track precursor chemical shipments and to help increase law enforcement's understanding of the movement of the chemicals. [9]

Authorities

The origin of authorities that allow a military organization to assist law enforcement in counterdrug operations dates to 1 December 1981 when congress added section 371 to Title 10 of the United States Code, allowing the military to share with law enforcement officials any information collected during normal operations that may be relevant to violations of federal or state law. [10] Prior to this, the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 prevented the use of federal military personnel to enforce domestic policies.

The next major change came from the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) of 1988–1989, signed on 4 December 1987, this included language that added section 380 under title 10, for the enhancement of cooperation with civilian law enforcement officials. [11]

″The Secretary of Defense shall submit to Congress a report containing the following: A detailed list of all forms of assistance under this chapter that is proposed to be made available by the Department of Defense to civilian drug law enforcement and drug interdiction agencies (including the United States Customs Service, the Coast Guard, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service". [12]

The authority to perform detection and monitoring (D&M) of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs into the United States was granted when congress passed the NDAA for FY 1990–1991 on 29 November 1989 designating the Department of Defense as the single lead agency of the Federal Government for D&M. [13]

The NDAA of FY 1990-1991 amended section 1004 providing additional support for counterdrug activities and activities to counter transnational organized crime.

″The establishment (including an unspecified minor military construction project) and operation of bases of operations or training facilities for the purpose of facilitating counter-drug activities or activities to counter transnational organized crime of the Department of Defense or any Federal, State, local, or tribal law enforcement agency within or outside the United States or for the purpose of facilitating counter-drug activities or activities to counter transnational organized crime of a foreign law enforcement agency outside the United States.″ [14]

The NDAA of FY 2004 amended title 10 section 1022 allowing the DoD to support counter terrorism activities in addition to counterdrug efforts. [15]

The NDAA of FY 2015 amended section 1022 of the NDAA of FY 2004 (Public Law 108-136) to ″Expand the scope of the Department of Defense (DOD) authority to provide support to U.S. law enforcement agencies for counterterrorism purposes when a nexus exists between drug trafficking or transnational organized crime (TOC) and a foreign terrorist organization″. [16]

The NDAA of FY 2015 amended section 1004 of the NDAA for FY 1991 (Public Law 101-510) to ″Authorize the Department of Defense (DOD) to provide additional support for activities of other governmental agencies to counter transnational organized crime (TOC) in addition to its counterdrug activities". [17]

Area of Responsibility

According to a Department of Defense Memorandum for Director, Joint Staff, dated 21 August 2003, the JIATF West AOR was to mirror that of USINDOPACOM's effective 1 October 2003 (with the exception of overlapping areas covered by JIATF South). [18] The National Interdiction Command and Control Plan published by the Office of National Drug Control Policy's United States Interdiction Coordinator, likewise describes the AOR of JIATF West as that of USINDOPACOM. [19]

Map of The World With Commanders' Areas of Responsibilities U.S. Unified Command Plan areas of responsibility.jpg
Map of The World With Commanders' Areas of Responsibilities

As one of nine unified commands (UCC) of the United States military, USINDOPACOM has an AOR defined by the Department of Defense's Unified Command Plan. [20] For USINDOPACOM it consists of 36 nations in the Indo-Asia-Pacific containing 50% of the world's population. [21]

The AOR map indicates that the AOR for USINDOPACOM, and therefore that of JIATF West, lies within the Pacific Ocean from Antarctica at 092" W, north to 08° N, west to 112° W, northwest to 50° N/142' W, west to 170' E, north to 53° N, northeast to 65'30' N/169' W, north to 90' N, the Arctic Ocean west of 169" W and east of 100" E; including many countries in Asia, Southeast Asia to the India/Pakistan coastal border west to 06S"E, and south along 068"E to Antarctica; Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, and Hawaii.

Department of State

Acting Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Susan Thornton's participation in the Pacific Islands Forum's (PIF) Forum Dialogue Partners (FDP) meeting, leading an interagency U.S. delegation, reflects sustained United States commitment to the region and our Pacific Islands partners.

Supporting Information Sharing: Based at the U.S. Pacific Command in Honolulu, the Joint Interagency Task Force West (JIATF-West) brings together military and law enforcement capabilities across the U.S. federal government and partners closely with the Pacific Transnational Crime Network (PTCN), the regional network of Pacific Islands law enforcement organizations. Over the past several years, JIATF-West has funded and supported the transition of PTCN to a new information sharing platform, the All Partners Access Network (APAN). JIATF-West is providing ground support for the next PTCN event to be held in Honolulu in early November, funded by the Australian Federal Police. [22]

Historical list of directors

No.PhotoDirectorTenure
1. RADM William P. Leahy, USCG 10 February 1989 – 30 April 1991
2.RADM John L. Linnon, USCG1 May 1991 – 6 April 1994
3. VADM Daniell USCG.jpg VADM Martin H. Daniell Jr., USCG 7 April – 30 June 1994
4. RichardHerr.jpg VADM Richard D. Herr, USCG 1 July 1994 – 9 November 1994
5. RADM John T. Tozzi, USCG 10 November 1994 – 26 June 1996
6. RADM Joseph J. McClelland, Jr., USCG 27 June 1996 – 12 June 1998
7.RADM David S. Belz, USCG13 June 1998 – 8 June 2000
8. RADM James C. Olson, USCG 9 June 2000 – 6 June 2002
9. RADM David W. Kunkel, USCG 7 June 2002 – 16 July 2004
10. RADM Richard R. Kelly, USCG 17 July 2004 – 25 August 2006
11. VADM Brice-OHara.jpg RADM Sally Brice-O′Hara, USCG 26 August 2006 – 8 November 2006
12. Zukunft June 2014.jpg RADM Paul F. Zukunft, USCG 9 November 2006 – 31 July 2008
13. Steven Ratti.jpg RADM Steven H. Ratti, USCG 1 August 2008 – 29 March 2010
14. Christopher J. Tomney (1).jpg RADM Christopher Tomney, USCG 30 March 2010 – 26 April 2012
15. James E. Rendon (1).jpg RDML James E. Rendon, USCG 27 April 2012 – 20 May 2015
16. Keith M. Smith (2).jpg RDML Keith M. Smith, USCG 21 May 2015 – 30 March 2017
17. Donna L. Cottrell (1).jpg RDML Donna L. Cottrell, USCG Archived 15 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine 31 March 2017 – 12 April 2019
18. Robert P. Hayes, Jr. (2).jpg RADM Robert P. Hayes, USCG Archived 22 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine 12 April 2019 – 25 June 2021
19.
RDML-Charles Fosse.jpg
RDML Charles E. Fosse, USCG Archived 22 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine 25 June 2021 – 12 July 2023
20.
RDML Ralph R. Little.jpg
RDML Ralph R. Little, USCG 12 July 2023 – present

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Indo-Pacific Command</span> US joint military command

The United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) is the unified combatant command of the United States Armed Forces responsible for the Indo-Pacific region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defense Threat Reduction Agency</span> U.S. Combat Support Agency for countering WMD

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is both a defense agency and a combat support agency within the United States Department of Defense (DoD) for countering weapons of mass destruction and supporting the nuclear enterprise. Its stated mission is to provide "cross-cutting solutions to enable the Department of Defense, the United States Government, and international partners to Deter strategic attack against the United States and its allies; Prevent, reduce, and counter WMD and emerging threats; and Prevail against WMD-armed adversaries in crisis and conflict." DTRA is headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The DTRA mission, organization and management, responsibilities and functions, relationships, authorities, and administration are defined in DoD Directive 5105.62, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Southern Command</span> Command responsible for South American area

The United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM), located in Doral in Greater Miami, Florida, is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. It is responsible for providing contingency planning, operations, and security cooperation for Central and South America, the Caribbean, their territorial waters, and for the force protection of U.S. military resources at these locations. USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for ensuring the defense of the Panama Canal and the canal area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Task Force North</span> American counterdrug and anti-terrorist operation

Joint Task Force North (JTF North), formerly Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6), is a multi-service operation by the United States Department of Defense for counterdrug and anti-terrorist operations. JTF-North is headquartered at Biggs Army Airfield, Fort Bliss, Texas. United States Northern Command is the controlling Unified Combatant Command.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Task Force – National Capital Region</span> Joint command of the US military

Joint Task Force-National Capital Region (JTF-NCR), formerly known as Joint Force Headquarters-National Capital Region (JFHQ-NCR), is directly responsible for ceremonial missions and the homeland security and defense of what is called the National Capital Region, which includes the Washington D.C. area as well as surrounding counties in Virginia and Maryland. Primarily made up of joint military units within the National Capital Region, the JTF-NCR assists federal and local civilian agencies and disaster response teams in the event that the capital area's security is or possibly could be breached by acts of terrorism. Officially activated on September 22, 2004, as JFHQ-NCR, the JTF-NCR is part of United States Northern Command.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force</span> Federal drug enforcement program in the United States

The Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) is a federal drug enforcement program in the United States, overseen by the Attorney General and the Department of Justice. The principal mission of the OCDETF program is to identify, disrupt, and dismantle the major drug trafficking operations and tackle related crimes, such as money laundering, tax and weapon violations, and violent crime, and prosecute those primarily responsible for the nation's drug supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transnational organized crime</span> Organized crime across national borders

Transnational organized crime (TOC) is organized crime coordinated across national borders, involving groups or markets of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures. In order to achieve their goals, these criminal groups use systematic violence and corruption. Common transnational organized crimes include conveying drugs, conveying arms, trafficking for sex, toxic waste disposal, materials theft and poaching.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Department of Defense</span> Executive department of the US federal government

The United States Department of Defense is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces. As of November 2022, the U.S. Department of Defense is the second largest employer in the world after India, with over 1.4 million active-duty service personnel, including soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, and guardians. The Department of Defense also maintains over 778,000 National Guard and reservists, and over 747,000 civilians, bringing the total to over 2.91 million employees. Headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C., the Department of Defense's stated mission is "to provide the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Task Force Bravo</span> Military unit

Joint Task Force-Bravo is a forward-based expeditionary joint task force operating as U.S. Southern Command's (USSOUTHCOM) lead forward element in the Central America (CENTAM) region to promote stability and security and counter transnational and transregional threat networks (C-T3N). JTF-Bravo operates out of Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras, located 10 miles south of the city of Comayagua and 50 miles north of the capital city of Tegucigalpa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VAW-116</span> US Navy Command and Control Squadron

Airborne Command & Control Squadron 116 (VAW-116) is a US Navy Command and Control Squadron that deploys aboard USS Nimitz as part of Carrier Air Wing Seventeen, flying the E-2C Hawkeye 2000 aircraft. VAW-116 is stationed at Naval Base Ventura County under the cognizance of Commander, Airborne Command Control and Logistics Wing (COMACCLOGWING). The current commanding officer is Commander Phillip J. Sheridan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency</span> Law enforcement agency

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency is the lead anti-drug law enforcement agency, responsible for preventing, investigating and combating any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals within the Philippines. The agency is tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory provisions of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Interagency Task Force South</span> Unified military command and control of drug interdiction activities

Joint Interagency Task Force South is a United States multiservice, multiagency task force based at Naval Air Station Key West, Key West, Florida.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Perez Jr.</span> United States admiral

Samuel Perez Jr. is a retired rear admiral in the United States Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Task Force 435</span> Task force of the United States in Afghanistan

Combined Joint Interagency Task Force 435 was a subordinate command of U.S. Forces-Afghanistan (USFOR-A) active from 2009 to 2014. It included members from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force, plus United States Department of Defense civilians, contractors and coalition members. CJIATF 435 partnered with the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Army Detention Operations Command, the U.S. Department of State's Division of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement, the U.S. Department of Justice, the International Security Assistance Force Joint Command and the Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Special Operations Command Pacific</span> United States military unit

The Special Operations Command Pacific, known as SOCPAC, is a sub-unified command of the United States Department of Defense for special operations forces in the United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) area of responsibility.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training</span>

Multijurisdictional Counterdrug Task Force Training (MCTFT) is a United States Department of Defense program managed by the National Guard that provides unique, tuition-free military and counterdrug training for local, state, federal, and military criminal justice professionals as well as awareness training for community leaders. The MCTFT program is funded by the Department of Defense and administered through the Florida National Guard, and exists to fulfill the counterdrug training needs of law enforcement personnel. Nationally responsive, the program meets the training needs of all 50 U.S. states and four U.S. territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George F. Close</span> United States Army general

Major General George Francis Close Jr. is a retired senior US Army officer, currently acting as a senior corporate and government executive. He has been recognized for leading and developing organizations in the US, Middle East, and in major strategic military commands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Martillo</span>

Operation Martillo is an ongoing multi-national anti-drug operation that began on 15 January 2012 which "aims to combat international drug trafficking, and promote peace, stability in Central and South America", according to the U.S. Southern Command. It is a defense project led by the United States Southern Command with help of multi-national forces from Latin American and European countries. News coverage of their activities and results began in 2012, which was mainly from defense-focused media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William J. Walker</span> United States army general

William J. Walker is a retired United States Army major general and former Sergeant at Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was the 38th House Sergeant at Arms and the first African-American to hold the office. He last served as the 23rd Commanding General of the District of Columbia National Guard. This responsibility includes command of the District of Columbia Army and Air National Guard units. Walker previously served in the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Special Agent and was promoted to the Senior Executive Service in January 2003, with his final assignment being Deputy Assistant Administrator in Charge of the Office of Strategic Warning Intelligence. Walker is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a National Academy of Public Administration Fellow.

References

  1. ↑ JIATF-West. "Joint Interagency Task Force West". JIATF West Official Website. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  2. ↑ "10 U.S.C. §124" (PDF). Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991" (PDF). Office of the Legislative Counsel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Presidential Decision Directives". fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  5. ↑ Munsing, Evan; Lamb, Jon (June 2011). Joint interagency task force-south: The best known, least understood interagency success. National Defense University Press. p. 42. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  6. ↑ Miles, Donna. "Task Force Stems Chemical Trafficking in Asia-Pacific". DoD News. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  7. ↑ Locklear, Samuel. "STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL SAMUEL J. LOCKLEAR, U.S. NAVY COMMANDER, U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND BEFORE THE SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE ON U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND POSTURE 16 APRIL 2015" (PDF). United States Committee on Armed Services. DoD. p. 7.
  8. 1 2 Tritten, Travis. "Task force targets Chinese shipments of meth chemicals". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "National Drug Control Strategy 2015" (PDF). Whitehouse.gov. Executive Office of the President. p. 67. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "10 U.S. Code § 371 - Use of information collected during military operations". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute.
  11. ↑ "Text of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989". GovTrack . 100th Congress of the United States H.R. 1748.
  12. ↑ "12 U.S.C § 1243". GovTrack. 100th Congress.
  13. ↑ "10 U.S. Code § 124 - Detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs: Department of Defense to be lead agency". Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute.
  14. ↑ "Underlying Law for Defense Budget Aid Program: Section 1004". defenseassistance.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  15. ↑ "Public Law 108-136 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004" (PDF). Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  16. ↑ NDAA FY 2015 (PDF). U.S. Government. p. 197.
  17. ↑ "Senate Report 113-176 - CARL LEVIN NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2015". The Library of Congress.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ "Memorandum for Director, Joint Staff". Department of Defense. 21 August 2003.
  19. ↑ Remsing, Robert (16 May 2003). "'SEAMS' OF INEFFICIENCY AND JOINT INTERAGENCY TASK FORCE (JIATF) OPERATIONS" (PDF). Naval War College: ii. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2016.
  20. ↑ "Unified Command Plan". Department of Defense.
  21. ↑ "USPACOM Area of Responsibility". USPACOM. Archived from the original on 28 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "U.S. Engagement in the Pacific". Department of State - 6 September 2017.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.