JoséDira Avelino Sr. (August 5,1890 –July 21,1986),was the first president of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second president of the Liberal Party. He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth.
Avelino was born in a town called Calbayog in Samar to Ildefonsa Dira and Baltazar Avelino. Avelino was educated at the Ateneo de Manila,where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree,and the University of Santo Tomas,where he graduated with his Bachelor of Laws. Calbayog became a city in 1948 at Avelino's instance,when as president of the Senate he pulled together three contiguous municipalities (Oquendo,Calbayog and Tinambacan) and made it into the 19th city of the Philippines,July 15,1948,the date President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 328.
Avelino was married to Enriqueta Casal and had four sons (Jose Jr.,Enrique,Antonio,Baltazar II) and has one daughter named Pilar. He is the great-grandfather of actor Paulo Avelino.
He served as Secretary of Labor and later as Secretary of Public Works and Transportation under President Manuel L. Quezon. As Secretary of Labor,Avelino accomplished something unprecedented in the Philippines and perhaps the world –he unified the labor unions by organizing them into two commissions:the National Commission of Labor (NCL) and the National Commission of Peasants (NCP) –and he was designated chairman of these two commissions. To quote the Manila Bulletin :"The new Secretary of Labor JoséAvelino became not merely the head of the Department of Labor in the government but the head of labor organization,the head of labor in fact."
Avelino is known as the Father of the Philippine Workmen’s Compensation Law;one of the most famous bills which he authored during his term in Senate,which focused on creating a contingency insurance fund for workers as a way to protect the workers from the various economic problems that plagued the post-war economy.
Avelino also founded the first labor union in Eastern Visayas,Gremio Obrero de Stevedores,and considered to be a founding member of the Liberal Party. He was instrumental in the passage of the Social Security System and pushed for the establishment of public high schools in every province in the Philippines. The final office held by Avelino before retiring was Ambassador Plenipotentiary under President Elpidio Quirino.
An LP stalwart,Avelino was infamously quoted as saying "What are we in power for?" which was said during a party caucus in Malacañang. The whole statement being: [1]
"Why did you have to order an investigation Honorable Mr. President? If you cannot permit abuses,you must at least tolerate them. What are we in power for? We are not hypocrites. Why should we pretend to be saints when in reality we are not? We are not angels. When we die we will all go to hell. It is better to be in hell because in that place there are no investigations,no secretary of justice,no secretary of the interior to go after us."
The above account is disputed by historian Quintin Doroquez. [2] [3] Doroquez claims that Avelino was willfully misquoted as corrupt by Celso Cabrera,a newsreporter who did not speak Spanish. [3] Doroquez claims that Congressman Faustino Tobia of Ilocos Norte confessed to the Avelino family later that the entire quote was fabricated and that the original context of Avelino's comment at the said party caucus on January 15,1949,was the failure of the Quirino administration to deal with the problems of the country. [3] According to Doroquez,Congressman Tobia offered the following paraphrase as closer to what Avelino actually said in Spanish at the meeting. [3]
"Señor Presidente,¿no es la verdad que sin hacerlos vigorosamente es traicionar y negar esencialmente nuestros deberes como sirvientes públicos? ¿Para que esta el nuestro mandato del pueblo?" [3]
Doroquez provided a translation of Congressman Tobia's paraphrase. [3]
"Mr. President,is it not the truth that not addressing vigorously these problems [i.e.,of losing the Liberal Party's insight into the postwar reconstruction,the country’s peasant plight that is fueling the Huk's insurgency,and the moral discipline of those who use their position or influence in government to advance their selfish ends,like appointing less qualified men from the opposition party] is to betray and negate fundamentally our duties as public servants? What for is our mandate from the people?"
In any case,the quote "What are we in power for?" was the quote attributed to Avelino and reported in The Manila Chronicle which was owned by the Lopez family,the family of then-senator Fernando Lopez who later would be chosen as Quirino's running mate and be elected as his vice president. [3]
Avelino ran for the Philippine presidency in the 1949 election,where he became third in a race between incumbent president Elpidio Quirino and former president JoséP. Laurel. Avelino tried to divide the Liberal Party votes for Quirino by declaring his faction as the other wing of the Liberal Party,but the latter still won with 50.93% of the votes. Avelino garnered a mere 11.85%. His vice presidential mate,Vicente Francisco,garnered a far lower percentage (1.73%).
Avelino retired from public life and devoted himself to the practice of law. Avelino died at the age of 95 on July 21,1986.
Samar,officially the Province of Samar,or also known named as Western Samar,is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is the city of Catbalogan while Calbayog is the most populous city in the province. It is bordered by Northern Samar,Eastern Samar,Leyte and Leyte Gulf,and includes several islands in the Samar Sea. Samar is connected to the island of Leyte via the San Juanico Bridge.
Elpidio Rivera Quirino was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 6th President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953.
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The Liberal Party of the Philippines abbreviated as the LP,is a liberal political party in the Philippines.
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Elections for the members of the Senate were held on November 8,1949 in the Philippines.
Elections for the members of the Senate were held on April 23,1946,in the Philippines.
This article covers the history of the Philippines from the recognition of independence in 1946 to the end of the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal that covered much of the Third Republic of the Philippines,which ended on January 17,1973,with the ratification of the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.
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The 1949 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on November 8,1949. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino won a full term as President of the Philippines after the death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948. His running mate,Senator Fernando Lopez,won as Vice President. Despite factions created in the administration party,Quirino won a satisfactory vote from the public. It was the only time in Philippine history where the duly elected president,vice president and senators all came from the same party,the Liberal Party. Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray,publisher of the Manila Evening News,accuse Quirino in their book The Magsaysay Story of widespread fraud and intimidation of the opposition by military action,calling it the "dirty election".
The 1946 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on April 23,1946,according to Commonwealth Act No. 725. Incumbent president Sergio Osmeña ran for a full term but was defeated by Senator Manuel Roxas. Meanwhile,senator Elpidio Quirino defeated fellow senator Eulogio Rodriguez to become vice president.
Elections for the president,vice-president,members of the Senate,members of the House of Representatives and local positions were held on April 23,1946,pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 725
Presidential,legislative,and local elections were held on November 8,1949 in the Philippines. Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino won a full term as President of the Philippines after the death of late President Manuel Roxas in 1948. His running mate,Senator Fernando Lopez won as Vice President. Despite factions created in the administration party,Quirino won a satisfactory vote from the public. It was the only time in Philippine history where the duly elected president,vice president and senators all came from the same party,the Liberal Party.
Mel Senen Sevilla Sarmiento is a Filipino politician. He was a member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the 1st Legislative District of Samar from 2010 to 2015. He also served as Secretary-General of the Liberal Party. He served as the Vice Mayor of Calbayog from 1992 to 1995 and Mayor from 2004 to 2011 before the death of Congressman Uy. He was also the Secretary General of the League of Cities of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010. He also served as the last Secretary of the Interior and Local Government under President Benigno Aquino III after Jesse Robredo and Mar Roxas.